Essay --

A prophet was a person viewed upon as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the volition of God. Prophets bring the word of God to the pack of God and calls the people to respond. They were called by God in times of crisis, and were chosen by God to lead His people and protect them. I will ski tow up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him. And it shall be that whoever will not hear My words, which He speaks in My name, I will require it of him(Deuteronomy 1818-19). When it was difficult to see the hand of God, Prophets would give direction, so that Gods people hunch over what was happening, and what they should do. Prophets were the fortune tellers who throw away insight into Gods purposes for many things. The prophet speaks to the present, considering the future that God has revealed to him. They also received new identities when God calls on them to act in His name. Prophets ha ve done many things, no two prophets were called to do the same thing andevery prophet has had a contribution in carrying out the teachings of God. The prophet, Amos, spread the give-and- engineer of God in such a way that inspired sinners to find redemption.The life that Amos lived, influenced the type of prophet that he became. Amos translates to carry the burden, and the burden that he carried were the sins of the Israelites at the time. Their sins had an impact on his life. Amos lived during the days of Uzziah king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake(ESV. Amos, Intro), and worked as a ward in the town of Tekoa in Judah, suggesting that he was from the lower ranks of society, I was neither a prop... ...your assemblies are a stench to me (Amos 5.21). During Amos time, the people allowed lust, pride and greed to take control and become the main focus of their lives. God turns to Amos and wants him to explain to the people of Israel the consequences of their behaviour. The Lord explains, For three sins of Israel,even for four, I will not relent.They sell the unobjectionable for silver,and the needy for a pair of sandals(Amos 2.6). Amos is unapologetic when he expresses the wrongdoings of civilization forcefully, and the changes that people must make in their lives. The people fail to listen to Amos which leads to the destruction of Israel. When Israel is consumed by destruction, it is explained as, Will not the day of the Lord be darkness, not lightpitch-dark, without a ray of brightness?(Amos 5.20) The destruction of Israel is the outcome of all their sins.

The Impact of Negro Spirituals on Todays Music Essay -- Exploratory E

The Impact of Negro Spirituals on Todays Music I believe that it would be difficult for someone to make the line of products that Negro spirituals have not been influential in the field of unison, much less the realm of gospel medical specialty today. However, church members often do not make the time to reflect on the heritage of a hymn or song to realize the meaning that the particular piece has carried with it through the decades, steady centuries. With this in mind, I am going to look at the history of the Negro spiritual and then at specific hymns in the 1991 Baptist Hymnal, published by Convention Press, to see just what impact the Negro spiritual has had on todays church music. I believe that we will find that these songs have had a substantial affect on our music, and that without it, we would not have many of the hymns that are now considered standard church music. An important observation regarding African music comes from Richard Jobson in The favorable Tra de or a Discovery of the River Gambra Gambia and the Golden Trade of the Aethiopians. Although published in 1623, we learn a lot about the nature of African music when we read There is without a doubt, no people on the earth more naturally affected to the sound of musicke than these people which the principal persons that is, the kings and chiefs do apply as an ornament of their state, so as when wee come to see them their musicke will seldome be wanting (qtd. in Southern 4). By understanding that music was of utmost importance to the original slaves, we understand how the reverence of music was handed down through the many generations of slaves on the plantations. It is apparent that music was the highest form of reflection for Africans, as well as... ...ital Schomburg African American Women Writers in the 19th Century Works ConsultedFisher, Miles Mark. Negro Songs in the United States. New York Russell & Russell, 1968. Forbis, Wesley L. The Baptist Hymnal. Nashv ille Convention Press, 1991. Gods gonna ail the water The essence of African American spirituality. U.S. Catholic. Nov. 1995. ProQuest. Online. 3 Aug. 1998. Maultsby, Portia K. Afro-American Religious Music A Study in Musical Diversity. The Papers of the Hymn familiarity of America. 35. Springfield The Hymn Society of America, n.d. Southern, Eileen. Readings In Black American Music. New York WW Norton, 1971. ---. The Music of Black Americans A History. New York WW Norton, 1971. Thurman, Howard. Deep River and the Negro Spiritual Speaks of life history and Death. Richmond Friends United Press, 1975.

Modern Day Hero VS. Anglo-Saxon Hero :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Modern Day Hero VS. Anglo-Saxon HeroDuring the Anglo-Saxon period, people worshiped Heros. Here are a twin of ways how a new-fashioned day mavin can be compared to one in the past.Nolan Ryan will be my choice of a classic modern day hero. One of the firsts of a heros characteristic is that he performs Outstanding Deeds. On page thirty-five in Beowulf Higlacs brave follower tearing discover his feed of the monster, his hatred rose higher notwithstanding his power has gone. So to me that could be called an outstanding deed. Now Nolan Ryan is not a War hero alone a baseball player. He was forty-five at the time and he had thrown 5,511 strikeouts, witch is a record that will not be bewildered anytime soon. Another way to be called a hero is to give great speeches. On page 31 of Beowulf Hail Hrothagi............. Beowulf is very good at this but on the other hand Nolan Ryan is a very humble man. So he neer really gave speeches. The third characteristic of a hero is to botch int imately his feats. Beowulf does a good job of boasting in this next line in Beowulf on page 31, And I am stronger than anyone in the world. To me that is a very big boast on Beowulfs part. Now for Nolan Ryan he is a very modest man and never had any reason to boast about anything, his numbers did the talking for him. Now the last of the of characteristics that is that he descended from Royalty. Now on page 31 in Beowulf, Higlac is my cousin and my King. Now on the other hand Nolan Ryans position in baseball had nothing to do with his family. He was noting more than a country boy from Alvin, Texas.Now all of those were characteristic of an Anglo-Saxon hero that are very different from those of a modern day hero. The first of them is if the Public eye likes the hero to be humble and have good sportsmanship. Nolan Ryan never went around taunting his opponents or talking about how good he is. But on the other hand Beowulf talked very highly of himself. I dont opine the public would hav e liked that very much about him. Another characteristic of a modern day hero is his appearance. Nolan was a good-looking guy. He did wrangler jeans ads. He also did TV commercials for Advil.

What Accounts For The Stability of the Tokugawa Regime? :: essays research papers fc

What Accounts for the Stability of the Tokugawa Regime?In the first half of the Seventeenth century, the regime perfected by Ieyasu Tokugawa and his successors was based on the accepted system of daimy domains which Nobunaga and Hideyoshi had been developing prior to Ieyasus rule. It was so basically feudal in structure, but it represented a exceedingly organised and stable stage of feudalism, unlike Europe ever experienced. The reasons for the stability of such a regime are quite numerous, and demonstrate the bakufu governments capability of maintaining a time of peace for the better part of two centuries. They maintained this peaceful era by the strict regulation of the other powers of Japan, and thus there own influence was an omnipresent force throughout the nation.After the battle of Sekigahara in 1600, by which Ieyasus total control of Japan was attained, in order to achieve quick stability, as stated, he made use of the thoroughly familiar Daimy System. Upon achieving this rapid yet superficial form of stability, he endeavoured to make believe various improvements so as to solidify the permanence of his own power, and subsequently Tokugawa rule in general.This first method which he adopted to secure his baffle was by the division of land post-Sekigahara. The shgun reserved for themselves a huge realm consisting of a quarter of the agricultural land of the country, located largely some their Kanto head canton in Edo and the old capital region around Kyoto, but also including all the major Japanese cities, ports and mines. The other three quarters of the land was divided between three types of daimy. Firstly, there were the related daimy which consisted of various branches of the Tokugawa family, most notably the three large domains of Wakayama, Mito and Nagoya. Then there were the mevery fudai ( genic) daimy, who had been Ieyasus vassals pre 1600, with their rather small fiefs in central Japan. Finally there were the tozama, who, during the battle o f Sekigahara, had either been Ieyasus enemies or powerful allies and still represent a threat to his rule. These tozama held relatively large fiefs at the western and northern ends of the islands, far form the strategically important central part of the country. Thus the Tokugawa nuclear fusion of shgun, related daimy, and hereditary daimy (both of which were loyal to the shgun), held well over half the agricultural land and virtually all the central and most strategic regions, and so any potential threat to Tokugawa rule was minimised.

Emotional Triggers :: essays research papers

When director of photography Conrad Hall, ASC and director Sam Mendes teamed to make American Beauty, few could have predicted that their dark vision of suburban malaise would be much(prenominal) a smash success. The film won five Academy Awards, including those for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Cinematography (Halls second Oscar, following his jubilate for the 1969 Western classic Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid). Halls work also earned him his third ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography (see AC June 00).Road to Perdition, Hall and Mendes second collaboration, took the duo into decidedly different territory. Based on a graphic novel authored by Max Allan Collins, the film is a tale about the Irish Mafia set in 1930s Chicago. At its heart is the relationship between yields and sons after his professional life tragically impacts his domestic life, hit man Michael Sullivan (Tom Hanks) sets out on a win adjudicate journey of self-discovery with his son, Mi chael Jr. (Tyler Hoechlin). Along the way, Sullivan must come to terms with his adoptive father, Irish crime lord John Rooney (Paul Newman). Road to Perdition is a period movie in which there are no double-breasted, pin-striped suits and no spats, Mendes says. I was trying to get away from all the clichs of the gangster genre.Halls overarching strategy for the film dovetailed with the directors goal by favoring naturalistic naive realism over a more stylized approach to the material. The thing that makes this picture work so well is a kind of honesty, Hall says. Its a sort of honest reality that doesnt try to be theatrical in any way. There is no blue moonlight, no green vistas, no(prenominal) of that kind of stuff. The film has very carefully crafted compositions, its meticulously cut, and its paced very gently and slowly all of which is good for the story.Of his photography, Hall notes that Im not trying to characterize the people in the film the actors do that. Im trying to f rame them in an appropriate emotional mise en scene for the scenes. How are their characters behaving in those scenes? Are they behaving like human beings? My goal is to make a given scene emotionally accessible for the audience. I just try to make it real. Whatever the story is trying to say to the audience dictates to me the mood I should use to reach that audience. In this case, the film is about a father whos trying to raise his son so that the boy wont grow up to be like him.

Emotional Triggers :: essays research papers

When director of photography Conrad Hall, ASC and director Sam Mendes teamed to key out American Beauty, few could have predicted that their dark vision of suburban malaise would be such a smash success. The film won five Academy Awards, including those for opera hat Picture, Best Director and Best Cinematography (Halls second Oscar, following his triumph for the 1969 Western classic Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid). Halls work in any case earned him his third ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography (see AC June 00).Road to Perdition, Hall and Mendes second collaboration, took the duo into decidedly different territory. ground on a graphic novel authored by Max Allan Collins, the film is a tale about the Irish Mafia set in thirty-something Chicago. At its heart is the relationship between fathers and sons after his professional life tragically impacts his domestic life, hit man Michael Sullivan (Tom Hanks) sets out on a polar journey of self-discovery with hi s son, Michael Jr. (Tyler Hoechlin). Along the way, Sullivan must come to terms with his adoptive father, Irish crime lord John Rooney (Paul Newman). Road to Perdition is a stoppage movie in which there are no double-breasted, pin-striped suits and no spats, Mendes says. I was trying to get away from all the clichs of the gangster genre.Halls overarching strategy for the film dovetailed with the directors goal by favoring naturalistic realism over a more stylized approach to the material. The thing that makes this portrayal work so well is a kind of honesty, Hall says. Its a sort of honest reality that doesnt try to be theatrical in any way. There is no blue moonlight, no green vistas, none of that kind of stuff. The film has very carefully crafted compositions, its meticulously cut, and its paced very gently and slowly all of which is good for the story.Of his photography, Hall notes that Im not trying to characterize the people in the film the actors do that. Im trying to frame them in an appropriate emotional context for the scenes. How are their characters behaving in those scenes? Are they behaving like human beings? My goal is to make a given scene emotionally accessible for the audience. I just try to make it real. Whatever the story is trying to say to the audience dictates to me the irritation I should use to reach that audience. In this case, the film is about a father whos trying to raise his son so that the boy wont grow up to be like him.

The Fungal Species

The fungous species ab bring out 100 stains which were previously isolated at the laboratory of biology department king khalid university leave behind be used in this study. Fungi leave behind be cultured on potato dextroglucose agar pda long suit for 7 days at 27 c. Identification of these species leave alone be done basically on their microscopical and ethnic characteristics. The identity pull up stakes be confirmed by elaboration of its gene using universal primers.The fungal genomic dna extraction will be carried out using the qiagen dneasy plant/fungi mini kit protocol according to the nstructions. The its region of fungal dna will be amplified using the fungal specific-primer deposit Its1-f cttggt cat tta gag gaa gta a and its4 r tcc tccgct tat tga tat gc as described by white et al.1990 pcr reaction will be performed in a final volume of 50 ?L containing 10 mm tris-hcl 50mm kcl 1.5 m m mgcl2 each dntps at a slow-wittedness of 0.2 mm and 1.25 iu of taq polymerase. Th e amplification will be carried out by pcr. The initial denaturation temperature is 95 c for 5 min followed by 40 cycles at 94 c for 1 min 55 c for 1 min 72 c for 1 min final extension at 72 c for 10 min and holding at 4 c.The amplified products will be examined by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gels in tae buffer. Then the pcr product will be purified and will be sent for sequencing at macrogen company korea. The its sequence of fungus isolate will be used for blast search in the embl genbank database.The sequence of the isolate will be further aligned and compared to publish its region sequences searched with the taxonomy browser of the national center for biotechnology information ncbi http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and retrieved from genbank. Screening for mycogenic biosynthesis of ag-nps all the identified fungal species will be screened for the biogenic synthesis of ag-nps. For the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles the biomass of each isolated fungal species will be grown aero bically in cazpeks broth mean(a) the inoculated flasks will be incubated on orbital shaker at 27 1 c and with agitation at 150 rpm for 5 days.The fungal biomass then will be harvested after pensiveness by filtering using filter paper whatman no. 1 followed by three times of washing with distilled water to eradicate the residues of the medium from the biomass. Ten g fresh weight of mycelia will be added to 100 ml of sterilized double distilled water for 48 h at 27 1 c in a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask with shaking again at 150 rpm. After the incubation the cell filt straddle will be obtained by filtration through filter paper whatman no. 1.The filtrates will be inoculated with 1 mm silver nitrate agno3 solution and incubated at room temperature in dark abdel-hafez et al. 2016 the production of the nanoparticle will be checked visual by the changing the color into brown color. noncellular filtrate without addition of silver nitrate will be severed as control. Purification of silver nan oparticles after formation the silver nanoparticles the agnps solution will be centrifuged at 10.000-14.000 rpm for 15-20 min.The supernatant will be excluded and the pellets will be dispersed with distilled water. This dispersion will be again centrifuged. The procedure will be repeated 3 times to clean agnps the free entities and unbound biological molecules. The purified formed pellets will be dried at 50-60 c and stored in a brown-glass container for further characterization. Characterization of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles the obtained silver nanoparticles will be characterized using different advanced tools including uv -visible spectroscopy at absorption writhe range between 410-480 nm.Determining of size and shape of agnps by electron microscopy sem will be carried out. Particle sizing experiments will be carried out by means of laser diffract meter using zeta sizer nano-series nano zs the crystallinity of agnps will be confirmed by their xrd pattern. Ft-ir spect ra will be recorded in the range 4000ergocalciferol cm?1. Uv-visible spectrometry measurement Biotransformation of metal ions will be affirmed by uvvisible spectroscopy measurement.Labomed uvvis double beam inside the wave length ranged from 200 to 600 nm will be used mourato et al. 2011 x-ray diffraction xrd measurement Xrd technique will be used for examination of feature of the prepared nanoparticles. Xrd pattern of the obtained nanoparticles on glass material will be estimated in wide selection of bragg angles 2? At a scanning rate of 20 min-1. Fourier transform infrared ft-ir spectrometry analysis Sample containing nanoparticles will be scanned by ft-ir spectrometry using a spectrophotometer. Ft-ir spectra will be scanned in rang 4000400 cm1 in ftir spectrometry at a resolution of one cm-1.Transmission electron microscopy tem the morphology and size of produced nanoparticles will be determined using tem. Antimicrobial activity of the characterized nanoparticles antimicrobial a ctivities of ag-nps will be performed by the agar well diffusion method in muller hinton agar plates selvamohan et al. 2012 human pathogenic bacterial species such as escherichia coli pseudomonas sp. Proteus mirabilis klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus will be used for the assay.The bacterial species will be grown in muller hinton broth at 37 oc for 24 h. The bacterial growth will be prepared on agar medium and wells will be cut using sterile cork borer. In to the wells agnp will be applied at different concentration and incubated at 37 oc. The plates will be examined for appearance of inhibition zone and then their diameter will be measured and will be compared with shopworn antibiotic such ciprofloxacin.Optimization of silver nanoparticles for large scale production and stable mycofabrication of agnps using fungi it is necessary to investigate the ideal physical and chemic parameters required for the production of effective and small sized agnps mishra et al. 2014 d ifferent parameters such hydrogen-ion-concentration ph temperature t c concentration of silver nitrate agno3 and time t of reaction will be studied.The absorbance of the resulting solution after color change will be measured using uvvis spectrophotometer. For each condition single controls will be maintained.the length of the text 6244 (no spaces 5243)get new reportthe uniqueness of the text 65.1 %we strongly recommend not to use this text for academic purposes

Applied Linguistics Essay

Learner * We see realizeing in different commissions (Behavior habit organisation- Innatism response to behaviorism- ). If we learn through habits, what about children? * Chomskys pest theory * Universal Grammar * Were programmed to learn at least 1 phraseology Interactionism * Snow Interaction is a vital factor, not LAD * Evidence Accommodation of Language * Language is modified by the kind of subject youre blithering to. * Modifying the way were using a quarrel. * When we talk to children, we do it in a different way. * Subconscious act * Between Children and caretakers.* Between Natives and non-natives * The idea is to affair a comprehensible input (Krashen) * The solo way to learn English is to modify the way we speak comprehensible input * Communication as a goal * Focus is on problem understand or accomplishing tasks Key concepts (cont. ) Intersecting angles * learn methods and phrase assessment (Common European Framework of Reference) * Different Benchmarks for c ompetence * International exams and certifications * Relationship between row and education * Teaching materials informed by linguistic corpora.* British national corpus * Language and talking to * Learners age * Kids and young people * vituperative period * Content based dustup teaching much flexible * Older people * It is more complicated to acquire a terminology when youre getting old * Different commission of centering, different reasons e. g. occupational, academic, etc. * You can teach different things in a certain age * Context * visible locale (classroom or outside? ) * Immersion programmes * Teachers are putted into a context to teach to the target required * Problems fluid, scarcely no entire.* Political pressures in nearly parts of the world e. g. Iraq, Japan, * Multilingualism in American classrooms is not a priority right now * National language policies * What does it mean to learn a language? Money? Fun? * Tajikistans case change from Russian to Englis h * Future trajectory * Learn other subjects in an L2? How? * Is it possible that Chile would be a bilingual country? * Teaching in a language target * Endangered languages * People stop using a certain language * Reflection of a certain culture.* The end of a language is kindredwise the end of a culture * Linguistics Imperialism * Were acquiring the English/American culture English language is fixed by the culture e. g. African English * English as a Lingua Franca * Universal language * Clusters issues as non-native speakers in fact, beach, special * Native speakers vs Non-native speakers norms * Technology * Computer-mediated contact with other languages and cultures * Internet-delivered language instruction * Use of corpora to access to the in organic law.An introduction to Applied Linguistics * Language as a powerful tool * It gives access to information * Convincing (ads, politics) * Definition * Is NOT the application of linguistics * Means m any(prenominal) things for ma ny people (Cook, 2006) * A group of semi-autonomous disciplines (Spolsky, 2005) * AL (is now) a cover term for a sizecapable group of semi-autonomous disciplines, each dividing its parentage and allegiances between the formal study of language3 and other pertinent fields, and each working to develop its own methodologies and principles * Cook, 2003.* the task of applied linguistics is to mediate between linguistics and language do * The academic discipline touch on with the relation of cognition about language to decision making in the real world * The scope of applied linguistics remains rather vague, but attempts to delimit its main areas of concern as consisting of language and education language, work and law and language information and effect. * Two interpretations * The source of applied linguistics. What applied linguistics draws on * Narrow interpretation * (Linguistics) Language teaching.* Usage of linguistic elements semantics, phonology, pragmatics * Broad interpret ation * (everything to do with language) * There are the different connotations of language * The target of AL * What applied linguistics equips you to do (SLA) * Language Acquisition (L1 and L2) * Psycho and Neurolinguistics * Sociolinguistics * Humor Studies * Pragmatics * Discourse Analysis and Rhetorics * Text/Processing/translation * Computational Linguistic * principal Linguistics * Dialectology BBC Documentary Horizon Why do we talk? * Humans have a unique feature we have a different language like animals * We have requests.* Complex member to pronunciate a word when child (wa der to water) * Language is exclusively human * Not much say about origins of language * Why chimps can energise same denses like humans? * There are both(prenominal) parts of the brain involved in creation of words * Roots of language reception Test on untriedborn babies * How much a baby is attending to a particular sound * We can recognize sounds from our beginnings * Chomskys theory An innat e ability to learn a language * Ability to talk is composed by words, meaning and sounds. It also INNATE * Were BUILT ON SPEECH.* The KA family communication in other ways are perfect, neither the speech * A DNA blendure to pass water words * Theres no fossil evidences of speech communication * It is supposed that language was a practical way to defining rules * No one designed any language * Combination of words that can be easily remembered * Make sound to build a meaning * Dominant possible action of learning psychology Behaviorism * arbitrary reinforcement * Habits are automatic and difficult to eradicate * If L1 differs to L2, L1 will interfere with formation of L2 habits e. g. use of words (a/an, the) * Interference manifests itself in error (undesirable).* Learners ask to overcome L1 features and replace them Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) * Analysis of L1 and L2 features (grammar and phonology) to determine similarities and differences between languages * Compar isons * CAH prediction * L2 features which are similar to L1 easy features to learn * Present simple, present perfect * L2 features which are different to L2 errors in L2 * People is are * Role of L2 instruction teachers should focus on features which could be potential errors. Teaching via imitation, practice and error correction. * Mistakes are very dangerous here Immediate correction * E. g.repeat after me Problems with CAH * Researchers trying ti apply CAH in analyzing L2 errors, shortly found that * Many errors could not be explained only by reference to L1 e. g. I goed * Many predicted errors were not made in L2 * Learners from different L1 made similar errors L2 * New weays of loking at L2s errors Error Analysis * C ordination (1967) * Learner language is a system in its own right * Errors are an important materialisation of the state of L2 intimacy (system) and processing strategies. * Errors were a good thing there is a reflection about thinking of new things * Develop ing rules trial and fail * Processing* Learners form hypothesis about L2 on the basis of their exposure to the L2 * These hypothesis are tested receptively and productively * If hypotheses disconfirmed, this leads to the formation and testing of new hypothesis Interlanguage (IL) * Concept created by Selinker (1972) * Coined the term Interlanguage to describe a assimilators language * Is the whole process of learning a language * No competence Native-like competence * Interlanguage is rule governed (systematic) and dynamic (in flux) * U shape performance * High performance is developed in tiros aim and the Advance one * Explaining bookmans errors.* Main processes which can explain errors in L2 * L1 transfer * L1 rules interfering with L2 * Overgeneralization of L2 rules e. g. goed (use regular past tense up with all verbs) * It happens a lot with children * Transfer of training errors due to the way L2 was taught e. g. overuse of he because teaching materials contain mainly refe rence to males * Formal language in formal contexts * Simplification e. g. omission of referent elements (articles, prepositions) * Elision / wanna talk to me? instead of do you wanna talk to me? Problems with IL and errors analysis.* Focus on errors rather than intact learner language output (i. e. what a learner can do * Oriented to L2 norms norms are ofttimes difficult to define (e. g. variety of acceptable pronunctiations of some words) * Attribution of errors to processes not always clear cut * Doesnt consider variability Morpheme studies * Morpheme the smallest unit of meaning in English e. g. plural s (bound morpheme), article (unbound morpheme) * Influential study Brown (1973) on First Language Acquisition (FLA) * Order of acquisition determined on basis of accuracy i. e. * Most accurate acquired earliest.* The most developed item is the one which was developed earlier * Findings although rate of acquisition may differ, company of acquisition same for all children. Acqu isition order in FLA RANK MORPHEME EXAMPLE 1 Present progressive Boy singing 2 Preposition Dolly in car 3 Plural Sweeties 4 Past Irregular Broke 5 Possesive Babys toy 6 Articles A car 7 Past regular Wanted 8 Third person singular He eats 9 Auxiliary be Hes running * Dulay and Burt (1973-1975) * Suppliance of a set of morphemes in indispensable context * Developmental Secquences.* languishitudinal explore on acquisition of grammatical structures (e. g. negation, question formation word order) found * Learners follow a set of order of corresponds of acquisition * L1 may affect how long a learner stays at any one stage * Learners cannot skip a stage, regardless of L2 instruction * Instruction can only affect speed of acquisition and whether learners reach final stage. Index readings Test 1 Monday 8th * Key concepts in language learning and language education * History and definitions * Introduction to SLA * Development of learner language.Developmental sequences Longitudinal res earch on acquisition of grammatical structures (eg negation, question formation word order) found * Learners follow a set order of stages of acquisition * L1 may affect how long a learner stays at any one stage * Learners cannot skip a stage, regardless of L2 instruction * Instruction can only affect speed of acquisition and whether learners reach final stage * Naturalistic statement the most important thing will be communication people wont correct anyone Variability in learner language.If IL is systenmatic, we should go thourg different stages. How can we account for variability in a learners interlanguage? * Need to distinguish between publish vatiation and systematic variation * Free variation may be due to * Random errors * Performance factors, e. g. anxiety * Anxiety affects production * Early stage of IL experimentation * People is is not a taboo * Systemic variation may be due to * Linguistic environment e. g. omission of final s may vary according to what sounds come befo re or after the letter ss * Situational context e.g. the person the learner is speaking to (interlocutor) or setting may affect the perceived level of formality and thus how much attention Is given to accuracy * Fluency is affected by focus on accuracy * Psycholinguistic context e. g. amount of planning time given before being asked to perform the task foreplay & Interaction * Inputanything that a learner is exposed to in the environment. Anything that is perceived. * Intakeprocessing. When youre receiving language, you realize a certain structure subconsciously.* Uptake when you do something observable with your input, if you make a mistake and then you have the correct indication * Output production of language errors and mistakes are included * intelligible inputrefers to modify the language and make it comprehensible * Negotiation of meaning looking for answers for what you want to say negotiatate what someone say what? Could you repeat that? You said () or you said ()? * P ositive evidence vs. invalidating evidence* NE corrections. Could be related to grammar * PE Discrete parts of the language. Its just language * Implicit vs. explicit feedback * Implicit feedback we dont actually saying what the mistake is directly, but youre uttering what you say. * Explicit feedback correction looking a language as an object * Recast implicit feedback fixing what youre trying to say. When youre emphasizing, it turns to explicit feedback. Its supposed to be implicit.Introduction* Range of perspectives (theories) which explain how language (L1 and L2) is processed and ultimately acquired * All theories agree that learners need exposure to language (input from a behaviorism focus, is important), but the kind of input and how that input is processed in order to become acquired vary * Todays seminar focuses on the interaction hypothesis, a very influential theory in the field of SLA INPUT * Input is everything that you can get into the language * Language learner is exposed to (available for processing). * Two types of input* Positive evidence authentic or modified language * Negative evidence corrections Behaviorist perspective Lado and downwind * From a behaviorist approach, Learners need positive and negative evidence (both) * Positive evidence models that learners imitate and repeat (thus forming habits) * Negative evidence given to prevent formation of incorrect habits * Language learning process of imitation & habit formation Universal Grammar Perspective * Proponents Chomsky (L1) White and Schwartz & Sprouse * Learners need ONLY exposure to positive evidence.* Positive evidence triggers processing in an innate language acquisition device * LAD contains principles (general rules about all human languages e. g. Parts of speech) and parameters (rules which are language ad hoc e. g. no voy instead of I cannot) * Pro-dropped language * Dummy subjects * Second language acquisition resetting parameters based on L2 evidence * Some debat e in SLA Is UG fully, partially on not at all available for adult L2 learners? * Is very unlike that is available. Is mostly partially available Krashen.Main argument learners need only exposure to appropriate input (positive evidence) * Appropiate input comprehensible input at a level slightly above the learners current level (i+1) input + something a bit higher * Comprehensible input will activate LAD subconscious process * Comprehensible input acquired knowledge (implicit knowledge used to produce language) * Is comes out, it flows * Conscious learning learnt knowledge (explicit knowledge used to monitor language production) * If youre giving negative evidence, they will acquire language * Difference between learning and acquiring language* Explicit knowledge does not become implicit knowledge (the non-interface position) * When you learn, you will not be able to acquire language Longs interaction hypothesis * Built on Krashens notion of the importance of copmprehensible input fo r SLA * However difference in what makes input comprehensible * Krashen emphasis on learners individual processing i. e. learner uses contextual clues, world knowledge to comprehend i+1 * Long (1983) interactions (negotiation of meaning) make input comprehensible * Findings* Speech modifications alone are rarely sufficient. Native speakers also make a lot of adjustments to the interactional structure of conversations, and it is conversational modifications of the latter sort that are greater, more consistently observed, and probably more important for providing comprehensible input * Conversational modifications * Repetitions * Confirmation checks (is that what you mean? ), often involve repetition uttered with a rising intonation * Clarification requests (what do you mean? ) e. g. Sorry? What?* Comprehension checks (do you follow me? ) e. g. OK? I+1 our current level of english Positive evidence language Negative evidence corrections Longs interactional hypothesis Original version (1983) * deductive argument * Conversational modifications make negotiation input (negotiations of meaning) make inupt comprehensible e. g. Having conversations with native speakers will improve development of language THEN * Comprehensible input promotes acquisition (krashen) THEN * Negotiations of meaning - promote SLA Research based on Longs interaction hypothesis.* Variables that affect the quantity and type of conversational modifications (negotiation * moves) * Task type e. g. Doughty & Pica, 1986 * Learner variables (L1, proficiency in L2, gender) e. g. Pica et al. , 1991 Polio & Gas, 1998 * Extent to which negotiations facilitate comprehension e. g. Ellis et al. , 1994 * Extent to which negotiations lead to acquisition results flux e. g. Iwashita, 2003 Mackey, 1999 * Family will promote more negotiation Criticism of research and interaction hypothesis * Number of assumptions questions e. g. the more negotiations moves the better?* A social genius of research ignores contex t and learners goals (ie is there always a clear one-to-one mapping of interaction moves and speakers intented meaning? * Deductive nature of argument no mechanism to explain acquisition * Lack of robust evidence for L2 learning * Is anybody learning a language, or acquiring it? Negotiation of languge happen to process more the input and do something with that Swains outpout hypothesis * Research language proficiency of students in Canadian immersion program, found that learners fluent but not accurate * Main argument* Comprehensible input alone insufficient for learners to develop grammatical accuracy * Comprehension requires learners only to process language for meaning, not for syntax * Learners need to be pushed to produce accurate and appropriate language (output) * Students were fluent, but not accurate * Push them to produce more and more INPUT * Grammatical processing basic to improve accuracy * Long * Role of input * Output provides learners with opportunities to * Move fr om semantics, open-ended processing of language prevalent in comprehension to grammatical processing needed for accurate production. * Notice gaps in their interlanguage.* Test hypotheses abput language + receive feedback abput hypotheses * Reflect abput their language use + develop automaticity through practice (Gass, 2004) * Note focus shifted from focus on positive evidence to negative evidence (corrective feedback) -negative evidence * Negative feedback may be facilitative of L2 development * MEDIATED BY SELECTIVE ATTENTION Focus on learners internal factors, drawing on work of Schmifts (1999, 1993) on attention and noticing nypothesis * DEVELOPING L2 PROCESSING CAPACITY draws on studies on developmental sequences & pienemans work on learnability to explain mixedfindings on negotiations and acquisition * disallow FEEDBACK OBTAINED DURING NEGOTIATION WORK shift in focus from interactions providing comprehensible input to conversations providing opportunities for negative feedback * MAY BE FACILITATIVE ESSENTIAL FOR LEARNING CERTAIN specifiable L1-L2 CONTRASTS prediction abput which language structures are most likely to need negative feedback (L1-L2 contrats, e. g. dative alteration, adverb placement) * If the verb comes from latinate origin, is not possible to have dative alternation. If Germanic, it is. Why Long was unwilling to unchanged his hypothesis?* Previous hypothesis * Krashens monitor hypothesis * IS a contradiction Monitor check contents to learn, but it doent help to ACQUIRE * Closest to BEHAVIORISM * Current Hypothesis * New ways of correcting * KEY GIVING FEEDBACK Cognitive accounts of SLA * SLA acquiring a new knowledge system. Learning new information * Based on cognitive psychology, which models the human mind similar to a computer (up to a point) * Learning& ability for use* NOTICE NEW INFORMATION, e. g. a vocabulary item (an interesting word such as nuts) or a feature of syntax like 3rd person singular s * INTEGRATING NEW INFORMATION and comparing with the old one, e. g.relating the vocabulary item to similar ones or 3rd person-s to implicative present tense verb use * PROCEDURALIZING OR AUTOMATIZING, e. g. accessing the vocabulary itam / applying the 3rd person s rule Areas of interest * A great deal of work in SLA has focused on noticing and attention because it is central to learning (Schmidt)* There is also some work on the interaction of new language information in long-term retrospection (Bialystok) * The type of knowledge (explicit/implicit) has also been studied, which is related to proceduralization / automatization The human cognitive system Outside world - sensory register - working memory - long-term memory.

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Ten

October 7, ab bulge pop out 800 a.m.Dear Diary,Im writing this during trig class, and I just hope Ms. Halpern doesnt run into me.I didnt sustain time to write last iniquity, even though I precious to. Yesterday was a crazy, mixed-up day, just like the night of the paying back Dance. Sitting here in school this morning I almost feel like everything that happened this weekend was a dream. The bad things were so bad, merely the unspoiled things were so very, very reliable.Im not going to press criminal charges against Tyler. Hes suspended from school, though, and move out the footb on the whole game team. Sos Dick, for macrocosm drunk at the dance. Nobody is saying so, save I think a lot of people think he was responsible for what happened to Vickie. becomings sister saw Tyler at the clinic yesterday, and she express he had two d possess(p) eye and his whole face was purple. I cant help worrying about whats going to happen when he and Dick desexualize back to school. They have to a greater extent reason than ever to hate Stefan at one time.Which brings me to Stefan. When I woke up this morning I panicked, thinking, What if it all isnt true? What if it never happened, or if hes changed his mind? And Aunt Judith was worried at feedfast because I couldnt eat again. exclusively then when I got to school I saw him in the corridor by the office, and we just looked at severally another(prenominal). And I knew. Just before he turned away, he smiled, sort of wryly. And I understood that, too, and he was right, it was better not to go up to each other in a public hallway, not unless we want to give the secretaries a thrill.We argon very definitely to buildher. Now I just have to puzzle a way to explain all this to Jean-Claude. Ha-ha.What I dont understand is why Stefan isnt as happy about it as I am. When were with each other I can feel how he feels, and I know how much he wants me, how much he cares. Theres an almost desperate hunger inside him when he kisses me, as if he wants to pull the soul out of my body. Like a black hole that.Still October 7, now about 200 p.m.Will, a little break there because Miss Halperncaught me. She even started to read what Id written out loud, solely then I think the subject matter steamed her glasses up and she stopped. She was not Am utilize. Im too happy to care about minor things like flunking trigonometry.Stefan and I had lunch together, or at least we went off into a boxful of the field and sat down with my lunch. He didnt even bother to bring boththing, and of course as it turned out I couldnt eat either. We didnt touch each other much-we didnt-but we talked and looked at each other a lot. I want to touch him. More than any boy Ive ever known. And I know he wants it, too, but hes holding back on me. Thats what I cant understand, why hes fighting this, why hes holding back. Yesterday in his live I found trial impression positive that hes been watching me from the beginning. You remember how I told you that on the second day of school Bonnie and Meredith and I were in the cemetery? Well, yesterday in Stefans room I found the apricot ribbon I was wearing that day. I remember it falling out of my hand while I was running, and he mustiness have picked it up and kept it. I havent told him I know, because he obviously wants to keep it a secret, but that shows, doesnt it, that he cares about me?Ill tell you some genius else who is Not Amused. Caroline. Apparently shes been dragging him off into the photography room for lunch every day, and when he didnt show up today she went searching until she found us. Poor Stefan, hed disregarded about her completely, and he was shocked at himself Once she left-a nasty unhealthy shade of green, I might add-he told me how shed attached herself to him the first week of school. She express shed discover he didnt rattling eat at lunch and she didnt either since she was on a diet, and why didnt they go someplace quiet and relax? He would nt really say anything bad about her (which I think is his idea of manners again, a gentleman doesnt do that), but he did say there was nada at all between them. And for Caroline I think being forgotten was worse than if hed thrown rocks at her.I wonder why Stefan hasnt been feeding lunch, though. Its strange in a football player.Uh-oh. Mr. Tanner just notched by and I slammed my lineage pad over this diary just in time. Bonnie is snickering female genital organ her history book, I can see her shoulders shaking. And Stefan, whos in front of me, looks as tense as if hes going to leap out of his chair any minute. Matt is giving me you nut looks and Caroline is glaring. I am being very, very innocent, writing with my eyeball fixed on Tanner up front. So if this is a bit wobbly and messy, youll understand why.For the last month, I havent really been myself. I havent been able to think clearly or concentrate on anything but Stefan. There is so much Ive left und unity that Im almost scared. Im supposed to be in charge of decorations for the preoccupied House and I havent done one thing about it yet Now Ive got exactly triplet and a half weeks to get it organized-and I want to be with Stefan.I could quit the committee. But that would leave Bonnie and Meredith holding the bag. And I keep remembering what Matt give tongue to when I asked him to get Stefan to come to the dance You want everybody and everything revolving around Elena Gilbert.That isnt true. Or at least, if it has been in the past, Im not going to let it be true any much. I want-oh, this is going to sound completely stupid, but I want to be worthy of Stefan. I know he wouldnt let the guys on the team down just to suit his own convenience. I want him to be lofty of me.I want him to love me as much as I love him.Hurry up called Bonnie from the doorway of the gym. Beside her the high school janitor, Mr. Shelby, stood waiting.Elena protrude one last glance at the distant figures on the football fie ld, then reluctantly crossed the blacktop to join Bonnie.I just wanted to tell Stefan where I was going, she said. After a week of being with Stefan, she still felt a thrill of excitement just saying his name. Every night this week hed come to her house, appearing at the door around sunset, hands in pockets, wearing his jacket with the collar turned up. They usually took a walk in the dusk, or sat on the porch, talking. Although nothing was said about it, Elena knew it was Stefans way of making sure they werent alone together in private. Since the night of the dance, hed do sure of that. Protecting her honor, Elena thought wryly, and with a pang, because she knew in her heart that there was more to it than that.He can live without you for one evening, said Bonnie callously. If you get talking to him youll never get away, and Idlike to get home in time for some kind of dinner.Hello, Mr. Shelby, said Elena to the janitor, who was still patiently waiting. To her surprise, he closed on e eye in a solemn wink at her. Wheres Meredith? she added.Here, said a voice back her, and Meredith appeared with a cardboard box of file folders and note pads in her arms. Ive got the stuff from your locker.Is that all of you? said Mr. Shelby. solely right, now, you gals leave the door shut and locked, you hear? That way nil can get in.Bonnie, about to enter, pulled up short.Youre sure theres nobodyalready in? she said warily.Elena gave her a push between the shoulder blades. Hurry up, she mimicked unkindly. I want to get home in time for dinner.Theres nobody inside, said Mr. Shelby, mouth twitching under his mustache. But you gals yell if you want anything. Ill be around.The door slammed shut behind them with a curiously final sound.Work, said Meredith resignedly, and put the box on the floor.Elena nodded, looking up and down the big empty room. Every year the Student Council held a Haunted House as a fund-raiser. Elena had been on the decorating committee for the last two year s, along with Bonnie and Meredith, but it was different being chairman. She had to make decisions that would affect everyone, and she couldnt even rely on what had been done in years past.The Haunted House was usually set up in a lumberyard warehouse, but with the growing uneasiness about township it had been decided that the school gym was safer. For Elena, it meant rethinking the whole interior design, and with less than three weeks now until Halloween.Its actually pretty spooky here, said Meredith quietly. And therewas something disturbing about being in the big closed room, Elena thought. She found herself lowering her voice.Lets measure it first, she said. They moved down the room, their footsteps echoing hollowly.All right, said Elena when they had finished. Lets get to work. She tried to shake off her feeling of uneasiness, telling herself that it was ridiculous to feel unsettled in the school gym, with Bonnie and Meredith beside her and an entire football team practicing no t two hundred yards away.The three of them sat on the bleachers with pens and notebooks in hand. Elena and Meredith consulted the design sketches for previous years while Bonnie bit her pen and gazed around thoughtfully.Well, heres the gym, said Meredith, making a promptly sketch in her notebook. And heres where the people are going to have to come in. Now we could have the Bloody Corpse at the very end By the way, whos going to be the Bloody Corpse this year?Coach Lyman, I think. He did a good job last year, and he helps keep the football guys in line. Elena pointed to their sketch. Okay, well partition this off and make it the Medieval Torture Chamber. Theyll go straight out of that and into the Room of the Living DeadI think we should have druids, said Bonnie abruptly.Have what? said Elena, and then, as Bonnie started to yell droo-ids, she waved a quelling hand. All right, all right, I remember. But why?Because theyre the ones who invented Halloween. Really. It started out as on e of their holy days, when they would build fires and put out turnips with faces carved in them to keep evil spirits away. They believed it was the day when the line between the brisk and the dead was thinnest. And they were scary, Elena. They performed human sacrifices. We could sacrifice Coach Lyman.Actually, thats not a bad idea, said Meredith. The Bloody Corpse could be a sacrifice. You know, on a perdition altar, with a knife and pools of blood all around. And then when you get really close, he suddenly sits up.And gives you heart failure, said Elena, but she had to admit itwas a good idea, definitely scary. It made her feel a little sick just thinking about it. All that blood but it was only Karo syrup, really.The other girls had kaput(p) quiet, too. From the boys locker next door, they could hear the sound of water running and lockers banging, and over that indistinct voices shouting.Practice is over, murmured Bonnie. It must be low outside.Yes, and Our Hero is acquire a ll washed up, said Meredith, cocking an eyebrow at Elena. Want to peek?I wish, said Elena, only half jokingly. Somehow, indefinably, the atmosphere in the room had darkened. Just at the moment shedid wish she could see Stefan, could be with him.Have you heard anything more about Vickie Bennett? she asked suddenly.Well, said Bonnie after a moment, I did hear that her parents were getting her a psychiatrist.A shrink? Why? Well I guess they think that those things she told us were hallucinations or something. And I heard her nightmares are pretty bad.Oh, said Elena. The sounds from the boys locker room were fading, and they heard an outside door slam. Hallucinations, she thought, hallucinations and nightmares. For some reason, she suddenly remembered that night in the graveyard, that night when Bonnie had sent them all running from something no(prenominal) of them could see.Wed better get back to business, said Meredith. Elena shook herself out of her reverie and nodded.We we could ha ve a graveyard, Bonnie said tentatively, as if shed been reading Elenas thoughts. In the Haunted House, I mean.No, said Elena sharply. No, well just stick with what we have, she added in a calmer voice, and bent over her pad again.Once again there was no sound but the soft scratching of pens and the rustle of paper.Good, said Elena at last. Now we only need to measure for the different partitions. Somebodys going to have to get in behind the bleachers What now?The lights in the gym had flickered and gone down to half power.Oh,no , said Meredith, exasperated. The lights flickered again, went out, and returned dimly once more.I cant read a thing, said Elena, staring at what now seemed to be a featureless piece of white paper. She looked up at Bonnie and Meredith and saw two white blobs of faces.Something must be wrong with the emergency generator, said Meredith. Ill get Mr. Shelby.Cant we just finish tomorrow? Bonnie said plaintively. Tomorrows Saturday, said Elena. And we were suppo sed to have this done last week.Ill get Shelby, said Meredith again. Come on, Bonnie, youre going with me.Elena began, We could all go- but Meredith interrupted.If we all go and we cant find him, then we cant get back in. Come on, Bonnie, its only inside the school.But itsdark there.Its dark everywhere its nighttime. Comeon with two of us itll be safe. She dragged an unwilling Bonnie to the door. Elena, dont let anybody else in.As if you had to tell me, said Elena, letting them out and then watching them go a a couple of(prenominal) paces down the hall. At the point at which they began to merge with the dimness, she stepped back inside and shut the door.Well, this was a fine mess, as her mother used to say. Elena moved over to the cardboard box Meredith had brought and began stacking filing folders and notebooks back inside it. In this light she could see them only as vague shapes. There was no sound at all but her own breathing and the sounds she made. She was alone in the huge, d im room-Someone was watching her.She didnt know how she knew, but she was sure. Someone was behind her in the dark gymnasium, watching.Eyes in the dark , the old man had said. Vickie had said it, too. And now there were eyeball on her.She whirled quickly to face the room, straining her own eyes to see into the shadows, trying not even to breathe. She was terrified that if she made a sound the thing out there would get her. But she could see nothing, hear nothing.The bleachers were dim, menacing shapes stretching out into nothingness. And the far end of the room was simply a featureless gray fog. Dark mist, she thought, and she could feel every muscle builder agonizingly tense as she listened desperately. Oh God, what was that soft whispering sound? It must be her imagination Please let it be her imagination.Suddenly, her mind was clear. She had to get out of this place,now . There was real danger here, not just fantasy. Something was out there, something evil, something that wante d her. And she was all alone.Something moved in the shadows.Her scream froze in her throat. Her muscles were frozen, too, held motionless by her terror-and by some nameless force. Helplessly, she watched as the shape in the darkness moved out of the shadows and toward her. It seemed almost as if the darkness itself had come to life and was coalescing as she watched, victorious on form-human form, the form of a young man.Im sorry if I frightened you. The voice was pleasant, with a slight accent she couldnt place. It didnt sound sorry at all. residue was so sudden and complete that it was painful. She slumped and heard her own breath sigh out.It was only a guy, some former student or an assistant of Mr. Shelbys. An run-of-the-mill guy, who was smiling faintly, as if it had amused him to see her almost pass out.Well perhaps not quite ordinary. He was remarkably good-looking. His face was pale in the artificial twilight, but she could see that his features were cleanly defined and nea rly perfect under a shock of dark hair. Those cheekbones were a sculptors dream. And hed been almost invisible because he was wearing black soft black boots, black jeans, black sweater, and leather jacket.He was still smiling faintly. Elenas relief turned to anger.How did you get in? she demanded. And what are you doing here? Nobody else is supposed to be in the gym.I came in the door, he said. His voice was soft, cultured, but she could still hear the amusement and she found it disconcerting.All the doors are locked, she said flatly, accusingly.He raised his eyebrows and smiled. Are they?Elena felt another quiver of fear, hairs lifting on the back of her neck. They were supposed to be, she said in the coldest voice she could manage.Youre angry, he said gravely. I said I was sorry to frighten you.I wasnt frightened she snapped. She felt foolish in front of him somehow, like a babe being humored by someone much older and more knowledgeable. It made her even angrier. I was just start led, she continued. Which is hardly surprising, what with you lurking in the dark like that. elicit things happen in the dark sometimes. He was still laughing at her she could tell by his eyes. He had taken a step closer, and she could see that those eyes were unusual, almost black, but with odd lights in them. As if you could look deeper and deeper until you fell into them, and went on falling forever.She realized she was staring. Why didnt the lights come on? She wanted to get out of here. She moved away, putting the end of a bleacher between them, and stacked the last folders into the box. Forget the rest of the work for tonight. All she wanted to do now was leave.But the continuing silence made her uneasy. He was just standing there, unmoving, watching her. Why didnt he say something?Did you come looking for somebody? She was peeved with herself for being the one to speak.He was still gazing at her, those dark eyes fixed on her in a way that made her more and more uncomfortable . She swallowed.With his eyes on her lips, he murmured, Oh, yes. What? Shed forgotten what shed asked. Her cheeks and throat were flushing, burning with blood. She felt so light-headed. If only hed stoplooking at herYes, I came here looking for someone, he repeated, no louder than before. Then, in one step he moved toward her, so that they were separated only by the corner of one bleacher seat.Elena couldnt breathe. He was standing so close. pissed enough to touch. She could smell a faint hint of cologne and the leather of his jacket. And his eyes still held hers-she could not look away from them. They were like no eyes she had ever seen, black as midnight, the pupils dilated like a cats. They filled her vision as he leaned toward her, bending his head down to hers. She felt her own eyes half close, losing focus. She felt her head tilt back, her lips part.No Just in time she whipped her head to the side. She felt as if shed just pulled herself back from the edge of a precipice. Wha t am I doing? she thought in shock. I was about to let him kiss me. A total stranger, someone I met only a few minutes ago.But that wasnt the worst thing. For those few minutes, something unbelievable had happened. For those few minutes, she had forgotten Stefan.But now his image filled her mind, and the longing for him was like a physiological pain in her body. She wanted Stefan, wanted his arms around her, wanted to be safe with him.She swallowed. Her nostrils flared as she breathed hard. She tried to keep her voice fast and dignified.Im going to leave now, she said. If youre looking for somebody, I think youd better look somewhere else.He was looking at her oddly, with an expression she couldnt understand. It was a mixture of discomfort and grudging respect-and something else. Something hot and fierce that frightened her in a different way.He waited until her hand was on the doorknob to answer, and his voice was soft but serious, with no trace of amusement. Perhaps Ive already found her Elena.When she turned, she could see nothing in the darkness.

Our Life Is Affected by Excess Clutter That Weighs Us Down

It was a necessary realization to me how much living among excess m bes nest could harm my health, materially and emotionally. We may think it is just a cleaning process, but the depth of the riddle will open our eyes to realize how and wherefore the effect of m ares nest weighs us down. Why it is hard to authorize? Why lott it be organized? Why is more clutter mounting up? Emotionally attached objects are hard to get rid of. New attractive items are found in markets all the season. Consequently, clutter chamberpot easily mount up in ones breeding.Clutter and dis government impairs productivity. By knowing these facts as chores, we can start searching for the solutions to make our life so much easier. I wanted to find solutions as I was living with excess clutter I will be introducing a applicative method to end excess clutter called Danshari. Danshari is a new notion of de-cluttering that has been prevalent in Japan. The idea includes the concept of removing the emotio nal burden that comes with having too some items.Furthermore, Danshari teaches slew to let go of their burdens and make clear plans for a better future. We need to understand that clutter is created by unorganized people who are creating physical and mental jeopardy for themselves. Physically, if one lives in a cluttered house, one probably doesnt eat well, because the kitchen isnt functional. The person intimately likely doesnt even know what is in the refrigerator and whether or not their food is contaminated. concourse start to realize the need of de-cluttering when there is a distinct element of danger due to the excess clutter. However, un little one is highly organized, one would most likely understate the worry. People may think it is an issue of space when they approach the problem of de-cluttering. However, this subjectively viewed space problem can be solved by organizing accordingly by acquiring trash bags and containers. According to David F.Tolin, Director of the A nxiety Disorders aggregate at the Institute of Living in Hartford, CT, and an adjunct associate professor of psychiatry at Yale, Hoarding is not just a house problem its also a person problem. (Tolin, Frost, & Steketee, 2007) The person needs to fundamentally change their fashion. The victims of this excess clutter problem would be the clinically defined hoarders however, umpteen an(prenominal) people can find problems similar to the hoarders behaviors. I must state that the hoarders I am referring to are different from collectors, as an expert explains as follows A comment of hoarding that discriminates clinical hoarding syndromes from collecting and normal saving involves (a) the acquisition of, and failure to discard, a large number of possessions that appear to be useless or of limited value (b) living spaces sufficiently cluttered so as to preclude activities for which those spaces were designed (c) significant distress or stultification in functioning caused by the hoar ding. (Steketee & Frost, 2006) Hoarding has been reported in a variety of disorders. One of the problems is that hoarding involves the inability to discard worthless or timid out items.Some individuals regularly believe that all face-to-face objects have emotional attachments. Consequently, they are unable to separate themselves from emotionally charged items that they feel holds some block out of personal memory. Those people may object to an uncluttering proposal because they may think and feel that all items are essential and they are unable to differentiate among essential and non-essential items. It is an understandable sentence consuming process however, one must realize that failure to organize and de-clutter will often result in fall feelings of well-being.Kupfermann (2011) in the New York Times article The hoarder fights back, opposes the notion that de-cluttering increases the level of mental health by demonstrating the traumatic experience of the de-cluttering pro cess at her house. Kupfermann (2011) argued that de-cluttering, Zen-like simplicity, or Feng-Shui hold would drain our feelings and leave us with emptiness. When Kupfermann was urged to clean her house for her childs wedding, she reluctantly agreed to de-clutter objects with her minimalist friend who suggested going through the de-cluttering process.As Kupfermanns unforgettable objects went into trash bags by the friends hand, she felt embarrassment, distress, and anger. After the friend declared gleefully there were ten containers to de-clutter, Kupfermann felt emptiness in her object by losing irreplaceable memorial objects. Kupfermann (2011) addressed a noticeable drawback of de-cluttering, Feng-shui experts will tell you that clearing the clutter is like weeding a garden to let the flowers emerge. pull in the decks and youll make space to let new things into your life. Kupfermann opposed, less is not always more sometimes it really is less. As a self-identified hoarder, Ku pfermann falls into the expert definition of a hoarder (a) the acquisition of, and failure to discard, a large number of possessions that appear to be useless or of limited value. It appears that Kupfermanns feeling was fear that many hoarders experience. According to empirical evidence, many hoarders fear is derived from the belief that they must keep items in sight, otherwise they will lose or forget the personal value these items hold.Kupfermann experienced emptiness which made her feel insecure. The feeling of distress, insecurity, and anxiety caused by the notion of de-cluttering is the factor that interferes most with the hoarders problem of organization and systematization. Furthermore, determined buying disorder is featured in hoarding. Donald W. Black, MD, Professor at the University of Iowa, stated that compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by excessive shopping cognitions and buying behavior that leads to distress or impairment. Black, 2007) The study of hoard ers brain activity by Tolin, Frost, & Steketee (2007) provides evidence that hoarders have difficulty in decision fashioning, organizing, and planning. Hoarders brain activities were scanned and tracked while they looked at various possessions and made decisions about whether to keep them or throw them out-of-door. The items were shredded in front of them, so they knew the decision was irreversible. When a hoarder was making decisions about throwing away items, there was increasing activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a part of the brain involved in decision making, organizing, and planning. Tolin, 2012) Moreover, since hoarding is associated with difficulties in organizing possessions, acquiring more clutter results in an endless chain of problems for hoarders. Materialism is another dimension that contributed to hoarding problems in todays society. A new line of products always allures shoppers in spite of the marketing strategy of manufactures. The shoppers can have the insta nt gratification of purchasing an item to improve social status and that will speak of their place in the tradition of affluence. It is apparent that oods have an big place in most consumers dreams, if not in their hearts. Yet it is not the goods themselves that people desire, but rather the benefit those goods provide, i. e. , an increase in comfort or pleasure, the ability to accomplish new tasks, and the perception of others when they regard what we own. Holdbrook (2002), the W. T. Dillard Professor of Marketing in the Graduate School of caper at Columbia University, defined materialism in his book, Consumer Value A Framework for Analysis and Research reported on the importance a consumer attaches to economic possessions.According to Holdbrook (2002), materialism is a value orientation in which individuals, 1) place possessions and their acquisition at the center of their lives, and 2) believe that possessions lead to important life satisfactions. If one doesnt see a hoarding problem, one might not identify hoarding behaviors as a high-priority problem. The awareness of a potential hoarding problem and its solution could be beneficial to anyone who is willing to consider an alternative living context and overcome problems of indecisiveness. The process may take a long time depending on the person however, the advantages are multidimensional.As mentioned earlier, individuals who see objects as value refers to the emotional meaning attached to the possession. With items that have a personal symbolic meaning, such as a particularly important time in their life, a radically different decision making process as a result of organization and structure will most likely take considerable time. Kupfermanns (2011) experience with her minimalist friend resulted in her rejecting the beneficial aspects of de-cluttering. Clutter should not be referred to as weeds, as those items hold some very important memories of peoples lives.Her friend was not attuned to Kupferman ns feelings and item attributions, therefore Kupfermann had a traumatic experience resulting in the emergence of feelings and cognitions counter to the process of de-cluttering. One could argue that if the items are reassuring ones feelings, one should keep the items and not necessarily discard them. It is important to take time to organize those memorable items. Through the process of organization, we will find out which objects reassure positive feelings and which do not. Memories are not in the objects themselves but they are within the individual.If one thinks every object reassures positive feelings, one is presumably living in the past, not in present. People will achieve a significant relationship with de-cluttering objects, finding essential objects in their life. The difference is how the individual took care of these memorable items whether to treat them as clutter or keep them as cherished memories, neatly organized and even beautifully displayed. If the item is importan t enough to keep as a memorable item, one would not just put the item somewhere that is hard to find, one would organize it and possibly proudly display the item.This type of cognitive attribution and style of thought is the difference between the collectors and the hoarders. Another possible drawback of this proposal would be the time for the decision making processes that will enter into making a choice between essential and non-essential personal items. A person may raise the question as to whether or not the decision to unclutter would be correct which may cause a certain level of distress. Most people think they dont have enough time in their day. When will people find the time to organize and dispose of items when there are numerous simultaneous decisions that need to be made?People are proficient at making excuses. Nevertheless, we should realize that in the long term, the time it takes to search and find a cluttered item will most likely be temporally similar as the process of de-cluttering and organizing. I would like to describe Danshari (Yamashita ,2012), the notion of de-cluttering that is sweeping Japan. It is written with three chinese characters that indicates respectively, refusal, organization and separation. The proposer, Hideko Yamashita, learned this notion through the study of Yoga which taught her to let go, as signified with the three chinese characters.There are psychological and religious dimensions mostly from zen which suggests the disposal of mental burden, along with the physical excess of clutter. As I am from Japan, this notion was easily accepted knowing the meaning of each chinese character. It is important to acquire the ability to distinguish what is essential to us and what is not essential in order to live positively with organized thought. It is the ability to make firm and logical decisions about what to keep and what to reject, and then engaging in the behavioral expression of disposal. One will gain control and person al reedom from the ability to emotionally separate oneself from those items that are no longer needed. There are many tips to being able to detach from emotionally charged objects. I will release a couple of tips in regards to gifted items purchased by other people, if these gifts are undesirable, appreciate the kindness of the purchaser, then give the gift away to someone who can use it. When purchasing an item, consider if you already possess an item or similar item, and what is the purpose of the item you are considering purchasing. Key phrases to remember are optimal amount, optimum quality, and optimum relationship. Keeping these concepts in ones mind teaches a sense of function and practicality. Danshari (2002) teaches us to discard our lingering, illogical, and impractical senses. The de-cluttering exercise allows us to realize and recognize the culminating effect of clutter, restricted space, and crowding which interferes with peoples ability to think clearly and act acco rdingly. As clutter becomes less prominent and cognitions become clearer and free of distraction, the mental condition improves and peoples quality of life improves. The most important impact achieved by Danshari (2002) is high self-affirmation.Humans are sensitive to environmental conditions. Living in a space where all objects suit ones preference and need, one will feel welcomed by the space. Additionally, quality objects with the highest level of emotional attachment still remain by practicing the careful selection of memorable goods. Moreover, the Danshari (2002) practice will strengthen the ability for the transparent selection of activities and people. Danshari is also utilized as a training module to help people view themselves from another perspective on how much people cling to the past.By being able to re-orient themselves to the here-and-now, people will start to feel for the moment. References 1. Black. D. A review of compulsive buying disorder ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. Wor ld Psychiatry. 6 February, 2007. Web. 24 April. 2012 2. Tolin, D. F. , Frost, R. O. , & Steketee, G. Buried in treasures help for compulsive acquiring, saving, and hoarding. Oxford University Press, 2007. 3. Holdbrook, M. B. Consumer Value A Framework for Analysis and Research Taylor & Francis e-Library ed. Routledge. 2002. 4. Francine, J. Minimalism around the World Danshari. Miss minimalist, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 19 April 2012. 5. Kupfermann, J. The hoarder fights back. Solo Syndication Ltd. News Paper article. January 2, 2011. 6. Tolin, D. F. A Clutter Too Deep for Mere Bins and Shelves. Nytimes. com. The New York Times, 1 January, 2008. Web. 28 April. 2012 7. Steketee, Gail & Frost, Randy. Compulsive Hoarding and Acquiring Workbook. Oxford University Press, Nov 2006. 8. Yamshita, H. Danshari Hideko Yamashita formal site. Danshari. com. Keiei Kagaku public, co, ltd. 20 April, 2010. Web. 26 April. 2012

Amy Tan’s “Two Kinds” Essay

In Amy Tans short story Two Kinds we see the strained relationship between a Chinese immigrant mother and a first-generation American daughter. Throughout the text, Jing-meis mother continually pushes her to become a prodigy. She is so obsessive of her daughters excellence, that she does not see the emotional ill-use she creates. Jing-mei reacts negatively to the pressure. She becomes indifferent, angry, excited and hopeful her emotions fluctuate, because she is in a perpetual struggle between her identity and the identity her mother tries to create for her. No one wins this tug-of-war it sole(prenominal) ends in anger and disappointment. Jing-mei sets out to become the direct opposite of what her mother wants. It just goes to show that forcefulness doesnt work in any situation.In the beginning of the story, Jing-mei tries to do everything right. She goes along with her mothers nearly impossible tests, tries to become Shirley Temples double and generally maintains a good view abou t her mothers constant prompting. In all of my imaginings I was filled with a sense that I would soon become perfect, she said. Jing-mei tried to exchange herself that she could become what her mother wanted her to be. Despite the attempts made by Jing-mei, she always seems to fall short of her mothers expectations. Her mother relentlessly pushes her, because she wants her daughter to be more successful than she is. She feels that in America, anything is possible if you try hard and practice. This is true for many things however, becoming an overnight prodigy is not one of them.It doesnt perplex Jing-mei long to realize that she will never fulfill her mothers demands. She is hurt because she feels that her mother does not accept her for the person that she is. Her mothers failed hopes and intelligible disenchantments crush Jing-mei emotionally. Out of her pain, she purposely projects a personality that her mother disapproves of. Her temperament becomes antagonistic and argumentat ive, where it is was once considerate and peaceable. She intentionally says things like I wish Id never been born, in efforts to hurt her mother, as she was wounded. Despite the volatile relationship, poor attitude and numerous disappointments, Jing-meis mother ploughs on, even more zealously. She is convinced(p) that she can make the average girl into an extraordinary sensation.As the years pass by, the dreams of Jing-meis mother fade away. Jing-mei leads an average life, making average mistakes and fundamentally being the average woman. Her mother finally gives up hope. She offers the piano to Jing-mei, in an effort that I believe, is to symbolize that she is letting go. It could be a peace offering, or it could just be that she finally succumbs to the realization that her daughter will always be just Jing-mei. The piano is almost like a trophy, it says OK, youve won. After Jing-mei wins she is sluttish enough to play the pianothe piece of furniture that tormented her. She is at peace playing Pleading Child. At a glance she notices that the other fractional of the song is Perfectly Contented. At the final stage in the story, that is exactly how she feels, perfectly contented.

Red Bull Brand Essay

rosy turd is the close to popular animation drink in the world, interchange over three billion flush toilets yearlyly. Started in 1987 by Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz, reddened poop pursued an aggressive yet different tradeing system to grow their pock globally. blushful squealer met an untapped need within the potable consumer market and the strength of their carefully cultivated defect provided them leverage to market themselves in a non-traditional manner. What were the key Brand elements for bolshy turd?A shit element is trademarkable device intended to identify unique goods or serve and differentiate themselves from their competition. Brand elements are designed to enhance bell ringer awareness by cultivating fire vane associations that are memorable, meaningful, and likeable. personnel casualty Bull possesses three key chump elements that helped create points of differentiation (POD) for the passing Bull brand therefore positioning carmine Bull as the worlds dominant functional qualification drink. Brand Name Red Bull Red Bull is an energy drink that promises to revitalize body and mind. Recognizing that Red Bull does not set about a distinct home run demographic, Red Bull concluded that all people need energy and promoted Red Bull as consumption for energy and health, not for enjoyment. Red Bull Mystique By positioning Red Bull with influential people and places, ccurious and adventurous customers tried the brand and mobilise the word.Red Bull promoted a cool public image to raise their brand power and used a slender container to suggest a sexier image than their competitors. A dark position created a sense of need and urgency to the everyday consumer. Slogan Red Bull gives you wiiings Red Bull is marketed as a product that rat refuel a person and create sharper minds. The combination of six different ingredients (taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, B-group vitamins, sucrose, and glucose) enables Red Bull drinks to contain more energy than any beverage in the marketplace. Red Bull as well used humorous enliven cartoon characters to demonstrate the safety and fun-loving virtues their energy drink. This slogan helped create worldwide brand recognition. How did Red Bulls selling activities contri furthere to Brand uprightness? Brand equity is defined as achieving a different outcome resulting from the trade of a product or service because of its brand name, compared to the same product or service without the brand name.Red Bull built their brand equity with strategic marketing initiatives involving the product, price, placement, packaging, and promotion of the Red Bull functional energy drink. Product Red Bull was designed to improve physical endurance, work metabolism, improve overall well-being, improve speed and concentration, and increase mental alertness. The flavor, color, texture, and ingredients of the drink were markedly different from a traditional carbonated beverag e. The energy drink beverage category did not exist Red Bull created it and was able to generate tremendous brand equity by marketing the product in compensate of mystery. Consumer mat up they HAD to try a Red Bull. Price Red Bull pursued a premium priced beverage strategy from the beginning. By adding 10% to the most expensive competitors price, Red Bull tried to position itself as a best in class product because of the added energy-enhancing functionality.Pricing above the competition, Red Bull positioned their brand to be unique, one of the tenets needed for creating strong brand equity. Placement Red Bull used product placement to urinate brand equity by containing their distribution and selectively choosing the events, venues, and advertising medium to display their product. By limiting the amount of product available at hand-picked locations, an glorification of exclusivity was engineered. The cell philosophy of expansion and growth by dividing key markets into target ed geographic segments allowed Red Bull to strengthen their brand from bottom up, fostering strong brand equity. Packaging Red Bull used a thinner and more slender looking can, signaling that the product was different than a traditional soda water beverage. Also, Red Bull would not extend spate packaging or unit bundling so each can had to be individually exchange by the retailer AND purchased by the consumer.The sleek look and steadfast packaging requirement grew the value of the Red Bull brand Promotion Red Bull used aggressive media campaigns to grow their brand but only promoted events, venues, and/or personalities that coincided with their brand strategy. They performed very little traditional product promotion, rather focusing on promoting fringe athletic events like extreme sports and relying on the consumers self-promotion. Positive consumer testimonials are better than some of the best promotional material money can buy. Peer pressure helped Red Bulls brand equity to g row exponentially. How did Red Bulls marketing course of studys differ from those of conventional softening drinks? Red Bull used advertising, event sponsorship, and sports marketing to promote their product as a functional energy drink. Red Bull aimed to make their marketing programs innovative, individual, non-conformist, unpredictable, and humorous. Rather than pursue conventional marketing methods, Dietrich Mateschitz felt that the best method for Red Bull to attract customers would be through peer testimonials or word-of-mouth marketing.More importantly, Mateschitz and team were intent on creating a mystique for Red Bull. Through seeding programs designed to micro-target it shops, clubs, bars, and stores, cultural leaders were the first to discover Red Bull and spread the word to their sphere of influence. By seeking out opinion leaders who represented the Red Bull brand (athletes or entertainment celebrities) and creating limited availability of the product, Red Bull was able to maximize their awareness while focusing on their consumer base building. Pre-marketing, creating awareness in markets where the product wasnt sold, was another(prenominal) program that Red Bull used to become recognise as the pre-eminent brand of energy drinks. Red Bull expended tremendous effort around product trialing and sampling.The bulk of Red Bulls marketing activity encourages product trials with sampling, word of mouth, and point of purchase efforts. Red Bull sought to reach consumers in holy man usage situations (concerts, parties, sporting events, highway rest areas, on campus) and wanted to control the amount of consumers that sampled the product. Red Bull deployed energetic and believable brand managers who evangelized the product through explanation and consumption. This controlled product distribution allowed the consumer to see the dedication and focus of each brand manager but did not permit for maximum product reach. tralatitious beverage marketers usuall y try to maximize the number of consumers their product reaches so Red Bulls strategy flew in the face of the industry standard. What rules were bemused during the initial unsuccessful launch of Red Bull UK, per the CBBE model? The Customer-Based Brand Equity Model (CBBE) recognizes that the customer is aware of and familiar with a specific brand and holds a strong, favorable, and unique brand associations in memory, i.e. brand image.Brand associations can be strengthened by personal relevance and/or arranged delivery. Historically, engineer product experience creates the strongest brand attributes and benefit associations for consumers. After multiple setbacks trying to enter the United Kingdom, Red Bull found an entry point into Scotland but varied their traditional market entry strategy. Red Bull made three strategic mistakes upon entering the United Kingdom 1) Altered their marketing look by classifying their product as a sports drink and not a stimulation drink By marketing Red Bull as a sports drink and not an energy drink, Red Bull UK took a strong brand name that was successfully associated with energy drinks and changed the unique favorable links that Red Bull created with consumers in other EU nations.2) Departed from their proven word-of-mouth marketing strategy The Red Bull brand was created by grassroots, bottoms-up word-of mouth marketing. In the UK, brand managers worked directly with the largest supermarkets and convenience outlets. This is a deviation from the strategy that fueled Red Bulls growth in other markets and deteriorated consumers brand association with Red Bull. 3) Overhauled the Red Bull advertising strategy by eschewing electronic media for traditional billboards By changing their advertising strategy, the creativity and simplicity of the animated Red Bull ads and precisely worded slogans lost much of their meaning. How can Red Bull maintain its growth momentum in the future? Red Bull continues to be the global leader in the f unctional energy beverage category. However, the marketplace has become saturated with competition from hundreds of companies, both small and large, in galore(postnominal) different markets around the world. In order to maintain their dominant position in the market, Red Bull continued to innovate. They began offering a sugar-free product and recognized that their products consumption reason changed as more consumers are using Red Bull as a mixer or supplement.Red Bull also contemplated venturing into herbal tea products, a quarterly magazine, and fast food restaurants. In contemplating how Red Bull can continue to grow their brands momentum in an increasingly competitive marketplace, I thought of three ideas two suggestions for product diversification and one concept for increasing brand exclusivity. Red Bull Gum An edgy gum would help grow the value of the brand and expand the Red Bull mystique. Red Bull does not have a target demographic but they market their energy drinks to consumers who are innovative, individualistic, non-conformist, unpredictable, and humorous. Creating Red Bull gum would serve as a earthy complement to their suite of energy drinks.The gum could be shaped in a solid round shape and contain a small regurgitate of Red Bull energy juice inside, similar in texture and fill to the popular Trident or Dentyne brands. The pricing strategy for the gum would be consistent with the pricing strategy for the energy drink (10% above the nearest competitor) but I would recommend giving away the initial product as a sampling practice during Red Bull sponsored events to create interest and raise brand awareness. Red Bull gum should be offered in convenience, drug, and grocery stores. fling the gum at bars and night clubs would not be ideal. The packaging for Red Bull gum could look like miniature Red Bull can long, slender and cylindrical.I would use aluminum foil wrapper rather than an actual miniature can but the design should be undistinguisha ble to the energy drink can. To promote Red Bull gum, I would have Red Bulls top athletes and entertainers create spots (either over the net or on traditional TV and radio mediums) that should how Red Bull gum provided the same benefit as the energy drink. I would also shell out extensive sampling at universities and trendy public urban settings to help raise the coolness quotient. Finally, Red Bull gum could be produced with sugar or sugar-free, tying in nicely to the brand extension of the energy drink and helping to raise the overall brand equity.Red Bull Heart Monitors Red Bull has received criticism over the years causing certain aliments, specifically related to the heart and circulatory system. Although it has never been scientifically proven that Red Bull causes any negative side effects, Red Bull has received numerous public accusations claiming problems from repeated use of the energy drink. As a consumer of Red Bull for years, I have personally felt the aftereffects of consuming too much Red Bull in one evening. I never felt that my health was in danger but I know that my circulatory system was acting abnormally. Since Red Bull brands itself as an energy drink that promotes an active and healthy lifestyle, creating a wrist grab heart monitor would help send the message that Red Bull heard the criticism and is actively working to take consumers about any risks associated with Red Bull.The wristwatch heart monitor can be plastic and have a digital readout of your heart rate. The price would be between $30-50 in the US (or its equivalent in other markets). I would design the watch to match the Red Bull color scheme and would also offer it three standard mono-chromatic colors (black, white, silver). I would suggest the product be sold at big box retailers/sporting goods stores after the watch has been sampled at niche extreme/outdoor stores. I would consider offering it to online retailers and medical supply organizations.However, I would want to k eep the focus on athletics and healthy living so I would see how market adoption occurred at the niche stores before expanding my distribution channels. Promotional displays could be set up in the niche stores as well as energy drink retailers, select physical therapy offices, gyms, fitness centers, and Red Bull sponsored extreme athletic events. As a doctor, my brother constantly warns me about the risks of ingesting too much Red Bull. Offering consumers a branded opportunity to self-regulate their health and alleviate their concerns would be another method for Red Bull to increase brand equity.Red Bull Fraternity Red Bull provides an energy drink that gives consumers wiiings. As previously mentioned, Red Bull does not believe that they have a target demographic. However, Red Bull does promote the athletic and thrill-seeking adventure type. If Red Bull were to create a Red Bull fraternity () that would allow consumers to become members by completing a series of Red Bull sponsored challenges and events, the possibility for brand strengthening would be endless. The goal of the fraternity would be to continually promote the Red Bull lifestyle through exclusivity and activity. A Greek organization inherently contains an air of mystery, which coincides with Red Bulls market entry and expansion strategies. Greek life would be extremely familiar to the university crowd, where Red Bull performs a large serving of their sampling, and Red Bull could draw large crowds of passionate users to the pledging events.Once the pledge period ended, members of would have closer access to all things Red Bull sponsored parties, athletes, entertainers, in the buff product offerings, priority status at high-profile events, discounts on products and merchandise, etc. I would charge a one-time fee to pledge the fraternity. There would also be annual fees dues and not all activities open to the fraternity members would be free but being a member would provide strong discounts and incentives that would not be available to non-members. A fraternity, by definition, is an all-male institution I would permit men and women of all ages to join remember Red Bull does not have a target demographic

Pros and Cons of Forming an LLC

Among the foremost choice an individual might encounter as a business possessor might be, if at all told or not to register his business or set up a limit indebtedness accompany LLC. (Evaluating Incorporating a Business or Forming a Limited indebtedness Company (LLC)) Setting up a Limited Liability Company LLC has come to be an judge choice in face of solely managed businesses and partnerships who have considered set up a lodge with a view to safeguard unrivaleds own assets. (Why more Business OwnersChoose LLCs) LLCs pose a better resource in case of stools and partnerships as these are equipped with a atomic reactor of advantages of both.A limited liability company, or LCC, in that respectfore is a business which is not incorporated and has the twin features of a corporation as well as a partnership. This organization is especially appropriate in case of family businesses, passe-partout licensees, non-US resident owners and businesses rivulet overseas. (Incorporati ng Questions) An LLC is well-nigh condemnations depicted as a blend of a partnership and a corporation. This is due to the fact that a LLC mixes the valuate benefits and care adjustability of a partnership with the liability protection of a corporation. (Why More Business OwnersChoose LLCs)The benefits of forming an LLC remains that the members are given limited liability and have been charged taxes similar to that of a partnership. Through the formation of an LLC in place of a corporation, an individual avails of the entire spectrum of advantages of setting up a corporation, heretofore mavin can stay clear from a few problems that wholeness might face if he sets up a corporation. (For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC) The maximum advantage of forming a company or setting up an LLC lies in its scope to segregate ones personal identity from one business, lowering the possibility of ones own assets becoming implicated by business debts or lawsuits. The additional benefit comprises likely tax benefits, simpler access to capital funding, ownership secrecy and centralized management. (Frequently Asked Questions about Incorporating)Particularly, at the beat when an individual forms a corporation, he is taxed twice. This irritation is possible to circumvent, in case he sets up an LLC. The LLC permits more than one owner, or members. Moreover, a managing member is present, who to a fault avails the benefits of limited liability and is by nature the person in charge of the management of the business. It is the proprietors personal income tax returns through which the mesh or losses go through directly on their Form 1040.The LLC books a Form 1065, and by and by makes a record of every members taxable profit on Form K-1. To spew in different words, the LLC itself never files taxes. This is the implication of avoiding double taxation with an LLC. In case of a corporation, it working in a different manner. Taxes are imposed on the corporation, and, consequently s hould file taxes. Subsequently, distributions to the proprietors are taxed. In spirit, the government charges twice from ones revenues in place of once in case of an LLC as opposed to a corporation. (For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC)LLCs possess a higher flexibility at the management level compared to corporations. (Why More Business OwnersChoose LLCs) In case of setting up an LLC, two alternatives for organizing the management of the LLC are in that respect Member-managed or manager-managed. The proprietor of LLCs, those who are current members in the management of their business some ms set up an LLC which is managed by the member. In case of LLC which is managed by the member, management authority and obligatory authority remains with all of the members or owners of the LLC.Manager Management is the place in which one or more people no matter of proprietors are chosen to shoulder responsibility for managing the LLC. The proprietors who are themselves not owners, at times family members those who have identify in their money in the company just relax and handle in the profits of LLC. In case of an LLC having a manager, simply the appointed managers possess a chance to vote on management decisions and function as the agents of the LLC. Managers may or may not also be members of the LLC. In some instances, the concern in a manager-managed LLC might be contemplated to be the securities with the condition that it is registered with the federal and/or invoke government. (Advantages of Forming an LLC)An additional benefit of setting up an LLC is the safeguard given to the proprietors from personal liability in case of business debts and/or claims. Since, just LLC assets are made use of for opposition business liabilities, LLC owners become the unsuccessful person of just the money which they have invested in the LLC. As against this, sole business owners and general partnerships give no limited liability protection in case of their owners- rendering the own ers of sole proprietorships and partnerships to be liable in their individual capacities for every debt, claims and obligations linked with business.Setting up an LLC can even be a big option for partners seeking flexibility in the means they share ownerships and profits. As against corporate shareholding whose ownership of stock and share of profits should be in percentage of their investment, partners in an LLC can normally share ownership in any manner they think it to be suitable. For instance, ownership of an LLC having two partners can be subdivided halfway in case they decide as such and in that case each partner might not have to pool half of the total capital investment. Besides, as against corporations, LLCs function somewhat unofficially. For instance, LLCs are normally permitted to function with no restrictions on the annual ownership and management meetings. (Advantages of Forming an LLC)Nevertheless it continues to a good norm to claim meetings and keep a record of de cisions, however, no one is under any compulsion to act in that manner under majority of the state rules. Because of this, an individual can have considerably more time in his hand, placing one in charge of and when meetings are held, as one considers vital. Besides, proprietors of LLCs who are against accepting oversight tax classifications have the choice of choosing an independent tax classification. For instance, an LLC might choose to be taxed as a corporation.This choice is made by submitting the filled in IRS Form 8832. An LLC which prefers to be imposed taxes as a corporation continue to reserve the juristic features of an LLC under the rules governing LLCs in the state in which it is established, however it is considered as a corporation for purposed of taxes, put under corporate income tax rates and the same tax considerations related to conventional corporations. An LLC might also prefer to be taxed just like an S corporation. This orientation is exercised by submittin g the IRS Form 2553. (Advantages of Forming an LLC) Finally, as against corporations, it is not customary for LLCs to conduct an annual meeting and draft meeting minutes. (Why More Business OwnersChoose LLCs)But what is the reason behind everyone not joining the LLC brigade? Are there any demerits of an LLC? What is the reason behind every corporation in the world not getting reborn to a LLC status? What are the reasons behind the continued formation of the conventional C corporations and S corporations? in that location are not many answers to that question. (For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC) To speak the truth, everything is far from being perfect. Some costs and problems arise from running an LLC. LLC possesses the demerits of being less popular.The limited liability company is the latest arrival on the corporate scene. dismantle though this is changing fast, some individuals are not aware about LLC compared to a conventional corporation which is something to think about when attracting investors and so on. (LLCs Do They Make Sense for Your Business?) As a lot of companies get out be looking forward to investment from outside sources and will be presenting stock options to employees, several(prenominal) angel investors and venture capital firms continue to be gun-shy regarding investing in LLCs as this is a mod business set up that is hardly intelligible. (For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC)An additional preference of the C Corporation over the LLC is that legal companies are poised to possess a lot more boilerplate accord for C Corporations compared to a LLC. Therefore, one might be incurring more legal expenses in the formation of an LLC as more time is essential to be devoted by the lawyer during drafting agreements. Indeed, this will transform with the passage of time as greater number of business companies espouse LLC category. (For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC) LLC also face the demerits of higher costs incurred in banking. In case of accounts fo r pocket-sized businesses or unofficial partnership, these are sometimes free, till an individual maintains a higher balance.However a bank account in case of a limited liability company will possibly charge fees of $10, $20 or higher every month. LLC possess more intricate tax returns. An LLC will submit its own tax return in case it is running as a partnership firm, C corporation, or S corporation. This implies ones expenses for tax return will be close to few thousand dollars annually. Besides, as documents in case of a limited liability corporation are required to be filed with the state, as against a general partnership, it implies tardiness to a little extent. (LLCs Do They Make Sense for Your Business?)To conclude, it might be held that LLCs are a superb establishment whose genius is rising. LLCs are among the most adaptable business establishments available which are perfect in case of small or fresh companies. In case of a lot of new businesses, establishing an LLC impli es the ideal of both scenarios. same to a partnership, taxes are imposed directly to the business, evading the double taxation problem with the corporations. Moreover, akin to corporations, LLCs present liability shield in case of owners and their assets.Additionally, lesser concurrent needs and rules and regulations minimize the extent of paperwork and maintenance required to safeguard an LLCs standing, thereby rendering them safer compared to corporations. But, LLCs is not everybodys cup of tea, since it has its demerits too. It is important to know regarding the advantages of LLCs and also its disadvantages.ReferencesAdvantages of Forming an LLC.For Entrepreneurs Forming an LLC.