SCADA Worm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SCADA Worm - Essay Example n facilities ranging from power plants to petroleum refineries, SCADA Worms can rapidly affect large scale industrial computer networks and IT operations. Moreover, SCADA Worms are highly sophisticated and capable of braking through different firewalls. These computer viruses infect Windows based operating systems and server environments, which are one of the most commonly used IT infrastructure equipment in USA. Next, SCADA Worms generally attack the Siemens based IT applications, which are again highly common in most of the US industrial automation and information environments. (Cherry and Langner, 2010; Kline and Krachenfels, 2010) According to most IT experts (e.g. Kim and Solomon, 2010) information security involves seven major domains. These are user domain, workstation domain, LAN domain, LAN-to-WAN domain, remote access domain, WAN domain, and system/application domain. General arrangement of these domains is shown in Figure – 1: Presently, industrial control systems are physically guarded at the workstation domain. User authentication systems and password policies are implemented at user domain. Anti-virus and Firewall software are used at the interface between the workstation domain (e.g. client side computers) and the remote access, LAN, or LAN-to-WAN domains (e.g. server side routers). But reports from Iran, India, and Indonesia show that these arrangements are essential but not enough to stop SCADA Worm (Kline and Krachenfels, 2010). Scientists like Coppolino et al (2012) suggest that Markov model based intrusion detection systems deployed at the system/application domain can be a useful deterrent against the SCADA Worm. The detection system at the industrial control engine must be both undetectable and modifiable. On the other hand, security providers like GarretCom put forward the idea of assimilating security tools from â€Å"a lot of disciplines working together to create industrial environments in a world that is increasingly connected† (Kline

Critique of a research paper Essay Example for Free

Critique of a research paper Essay Issues that are to be studied during a research are usually expressed in a statement referred to as a research problem or research question (Lawn et al 2010). The researcher needs to have enough knowledge concerning the field in which he or she wants to contact a research in order for him or her to be able to come up with a research problem which is strong enough to be studied (Manzoni et al 2009; Partridge Dickey, 2009). The researcher is supposed to come up with ideas which have not yet been researched on or which needs further development for him or her to be able to come up with a researchable topic. In most cases the research question or problem helps the public to have better insights in the studied field and even fills some knowledge gaps that may be existing in that field. Thus researchers are supposed to do thorough research to know what has already been researched on for them to be in a better position to make some improvement on the knowledge that exists. The problem to be studied should be significant to the general public and the professionals in the field of study. According to this study the research problem was: the impact of poor essential newborn care practices on neonatal mortality in rural Karnataka. This research problem is relevant in any medical profession since it addresses an important issue, which affects many healthcare systems in the world (Lawn et al 2010). As outlined in the paper many neonatal deaths occurs yearly resulting from careless or lack of knowledge on how to take care of these neonatal. Even though the authors point out that some research has been performed on this research topic, they point out the need to understand the local settings of concerned regions for better interventions to be undertaken since child birth is often tightly linked to traditions of concerned communities especially in the developing countries like India. Thus their research problem is still relevant given that no research has been done in such settings. Research design The case study research has employed both qualitative and quantitative research design. In qualitative research designs, answers are given to experiences related to humans (Kain, Gardner Yates, 2009). Concepts like grounded theory, ethnography, case studies and phenomenology are covered in qualitative research designs (Manzoni et al 2009). This study used interviews to collect data. The interviews were recorded in text form which is a characteristic of qualitative research. Thus the research qualifies to be described as qualitative. The concepts covered in the study were ethnography and grounded theory. This is because in the paper, the researchers consider different ethnic groups found in rural Karnataka. Furthermore, the participants were interviewed on various cares they offer to neonatal after birth hence this cover the grounded theory concept since giving care is a social responsibility. Therefore the researchers were trying to answer the question on how different birth attendants carry out their services to newborns in rural Karnataka. Quantitative research involves collection of data in numerical form. The authors claim to have used this design to obtain preliminary data for carrying out qualitative research. Even though the authors state that they used quantitative research design it is not clearly stated the data collected since the paper only talks of administration of questionnaires of which we are not told the kind of information that was to be collected. Justification of use of both qualitative and quantitative research designs From the authors’ point of view, the use of quantitative design was aimed at providing evidence for need to carry out the qualitative research (Lawn et al 2010). It is also pointed out that the quantitative research confirmed earlier research on the same issue on neonatal mortality. Thus it seems the quantitative research was done to also confirm earlier studies on mortality related to newborn. On the other hand, the use of qualitative design is justified. This is because; obtaining data such as on breastfeeding, place of delivery, delivery hygiene, cord cutting, cord care, asphyxia and thermal care can only be done using qualitative methodology. Recruitment of study participants Recruitment of participants was based on pregnancy. All those who were pregnant and those who became pregnant during study period were allowed to voluntarily participate in the study. The study employed proactive research design for sampling purposes. This was used to prevent recall biases, which are common in retrospective research designs. Data collection Interviews, focused group discussions and questionnaires were used to collect data from eleven villages within rural Karnataka (Kain, Gardner Yates, 2009). The method used to choose these villages is not stated in the paper and thus we do not know whether it was done using statistical methods or not. Interviews which were done were semi structured (Partridge Dickey, 2009). They were thirty nine in total with thirteen targeting mothers who had delivered recently, ten targeting grandmothers, nine targeting birth attendants and seven targeting informants. The interviews to mothers lacked specificity in time frame especially to mothers who had delivered and therefore could have been prone to errors. In addition the authors do not outline on how they come with the different numbers that they administered the interviews to. Thus, the numbers may not be statistically significant. The five different questionnaires were administered to pregnant mothers at different times. Three of the questionnaires were administered prior to parturition, one was administered within five days after delivery and the last questionnaire was administered during postnatal period. It is not clear on how those involved in the delivery of the questionnaires knew when the mothers had given birth to administer them on time. In addition, the significance of the number of questionnaires administered is not justified statistically. Eight focused group discussions were undertaken in the study. Of these, three were among groups of mothers, two were among elders and one was carried out among birth attendants. The group discussions may have been exaggerated by some participants and therefore some of this data may be unreliable to some extent. Furthermore the choice of the number of discussion and the number of participants in the group discussion is not explained hence may be statistically insignificant (Jatana et al 2010). Data analysis From the paper, the authors state that they carried out framework in the analysis of their data. This is a type of data analysis is majorly used in the analysis of qualitative data. The versatility of the method allows it to be used in different qualitative data analysis. This method allows organization of data into structured transcripts. Credibility, auditability and fittingness The truths about the findings as judged by participants constitute the credibility of the study (Lawn et al 2010). This study is credible to some extent given that the source of data used to make the conclusion is not one, that is, pregnant mothers, birth attendants and grandmothers are utilized to get credible data (Kain, Gardner Yates, 2009). However, the choice of the numbers of those involved in interviews, group discussions and the number of questionnaires administered raises credibility issues on the research. Thus, clarity is required pertaining these issues in related studies. If the information presented in the report is accountable then the research is auditable. The coherent of the report determines the auditability of the research paper. The authors of this paper tried their best to remain focused on the problem issue. Thus the paper is auditable. If the participants are faithful then the paper is fitting. From the excerpts from the interviews presented in the paper, the participants seem to be real in relation to daily realities. Thus, the paper is fitting. References Lawn, J. , Mwansa-Kambafwile, J. , Horta, B. , Barros F. Cousens, S. (2010). ‘Kangaroo mother care’ to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(Suppl_1): i144-i154. Kain, V. , Gardner, G. Yates, P. (2009). Neonatal palliative care attitude scale: Development of an instrument to measure the barriers to and facilitators of palliative care in neonatal nursing. Pediatrics, 123(2): e207-e213 Jatana, K. , Oplatek, A. , Stein, M. , Philips, G. , Kang, R. Elmaraghy, C. (2010). Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and cannula use in the neonatal intensive care unit setting. Archives of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, 136(3): 287-291.

Comparative Essay of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now

Comparative Essay of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now The ties between Joseph Conrad's book, â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Coppola's movie, â€Å"Apocalypse Now† are unmistakable. Apocalypse Now's correctness in following the story line of the Heart of Darkness is amazing although the settings of each story are from completely different location and time periods. From the jungle of the Congo in Africa to the Nung river in Vietnam, Joseph Conrad's ideals are not lost. In both the book and the movie, the ideas of good and evil, whiteness, darkness, and racism are clear. Also, characterization in both the novel and the movie are very similar. Both The Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now examine the good and evil in human beings. In â€Å"The Heart of Darkness†, Marlow speaks of Fresleven who was killed in a fight with some natives. The argument between Fresleven and the natives was over some chickens, and Fresleven felt he had been ripped off in the deal. Marlow describes Fresleven as "†¦the gentlest, quietest creature that ever walked on two legs."(p. 13 Conrad) However, later in the same paragraph Marlow says,"†¦he probably felt the need at last of asserting his self-respect in some way. Therefore he whacked the old nigger mercilessly."(p. 13 Conrad) Soldiers in combat are forced to bring the evil within themselves out every time they go into battle. The scene in Apocalypse Now where Captain Willard first meets Lt. Colonel Kilgore, show’s the power at which combat has in bringing out the dark side in humans. The attitude the soldiers have towards their enemy in the scene shows how evil humans can be. Kilgore demonstrates his dark side when he tosses the "death cards" on to the bodies of the dead Viet... ...ly in order to agree with the times, but deep in the heart of it its the same. Kurtz in both cases is the heart of the evil, in the novel he spreads his evil in the ways he runs the ivory trade and enslaves the natives. In the movies Kurtz shows his evil in the way he begins his own colony and becomes a devil god, using human examples of death to govern his "tribe". Another similarity is the way Coppola has pictured military machinery that has been broken down. This is a way of symbolizing the breakdown of the white man. The American strength is in it's machinery according to the movie, and the book uses a civilized way of life as the strength of the white man, in both cases they were conquered. Both the novel and the movie Apocalypse Now show clearly that evil does not control, and cruelty of other people is just not the way to see something through, a dark dream.

How Does Shakespeare Make Act One Scene Five of Romeo Juliet Dramatically Effective?

How does Shakespeare make act one scene five of Romeo Juliet dramatically effective? ‘When you’re in love, you can’t sleep because reality is better than your dreams’ – Dr Seuss In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ they have this dream of being together but it is conflicted with the reality of their families. Unfortunately they follow this dream which ultimately ends up in death; a testament to how powerful love really is. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is known as the greatest love story of all time. In the 16th century, people didn’t marry for love they married for wealth, a lot like when Juliet’s Dad arranges her to marry Paris. This is why Shakespeare had to incorporate violence and conflict to grab the audience’s attention. The themes are love, hate, disloyalty, fate and sin. Shakespeare would have to attract grab everyone’s attention throughout these plays, as many different people came to watch and I think he chose these sins because they can be used for every different characters personality. Shakespeare would do this by incorporating different religions and fancy language like the reference to the ‘Pentecost’ and using the word ‘pilgrim’ to describe Romeo. During the whole play the word â€Å"sin† is used a lot by Juliet, Tybalt and Romeo. I think this is to show the audience that all of them will have a lot to be sorry for in the near future, as a sin is something you do wrong or something you ask god for forgiveness over. It is a strong word although it’s so short, as it foreshadows the outcome of people’s actions. Their punishments, so to speak. The nurse suddenly interrupts the sonnet showing the audience that there love isn’t a smooth ride already. The break in Romeo and Juliet’s conversation foreshadows the breaking of life, Romeo’s banishment and Juliet’s wedding to Paris as these things are all the things that lead up to, the consequence of Romeo and Juliet’s death. The nurse then starts talking to Romeo and toying with his emotions by talking about marriage as a source of money (meaning Paris. ) The nurse isn’t being very loyal to Juliet at this point as she is saying â€Å"he that can lay hold of her shall have the chinks. † This is basically selling her, and talking about how all people will want is the money out of it not love. Shakespeare’s choice of language for Romeo after the nurse has told him that Juliet is a Capulet, is all about money. â€Å"Account†¦ Debt† This is implying that there will be a price to pay, because of his love for his â€Å"foe. † â€Å"Trifling foolish banquet† are Capulet’s words when he is dismissing people from his party. These words show the audience that he hasn’t noticed Romeo, Juliet and Tybalts threats so therefore the â€Å"fool† is Capulet. Ironically enough Juliet then says â€Å"My grave is like to be my wedding bed. This a coincidence because she dies on the morning of the marriage to Paris, Dies with her husband next to her, and she dies the day after she married Romeo. Within Juliet’s speech at the end, it contains a lot of strong language such as opposites like â€Å"love†¦ loathed† and â€Å"early†¦ late. † This links back to the light and dark opposites when Romeo talked about t he doves and crows, trying to show us again that its a doomed relationship and it is an internal battle between love and hate. Hate between the two families but love between Romeo and Juliet, but unfortunately the hate stops the love.

Essay Youth And Cinema Essay

Cinema nowadays leaves a great impact (effect) on the minds of people. Its effect can be seen not only on the elders of rural and urban areas but on the children as well. Going to the pictures has now become a craze with young people, both boys and girls, and it has been noticed that they often economize (save) on other items of expenditure but they must see films every week. This fast growing habit is not only expensive (costly), but also results in considerable (great) waste of precious (valuable) time. Visiting the cinemas too often at the cost of class lectures and by missing lectures also spoils the education of youth. Most Indian films present scenes of sex, violence (fighting), crime, robbery, rape, etc. Education and other experts have repeatedly (again and again) found that the main source (base) of teasing and assaults (physical attack) on girls in our towns and cities, in the market place and elsewhere, is the cinema. The youth tries to imitate (copy) each and everything which is in the films without understanding that some part of it might leave a negative impression (thought) on them, and this reflects (shows) in their dressing style, their driving, their way of talking etc. The film censors also seem to be more liberal (open-minded) than ever and allow sex and violent scenes which have a bad effect on the mental make-up of youth. In the films today when the daily crimes, murders, robberies are shown some people take it in a wrong way and they purposely learn how to commit (do) such crimes. They learn the tricks (action) and tactics (plans) used for crimes in the films. Also now abuses (bad things) are so common in almost all the films that even a kid of 10 years is able to speak such abusive language knowingly or unknowingly. There are many cases of youth either running away from home to go to Bombay to try their luck in Bollywood. Thousands of young boys and girls have virtually (nearly) ruined (destroy) themselves in the senseless quest (mission) for becoming cinema â€Å"stars†. The efforts of parents and teachers to give their boys and girls sound education and to teach them good, ethical (moral) behaviour and good morals in order that they may become good citizens are thus defeated (failed). The cinema, it is said, can serve as a good medium of education and instruction, and the message that can be conveyed (expressed) through films cannot be conveyed as effectively through any other channel, such as  the radio, because of the colourful and visual impact on the screen. It is not contended (challenged) that there should be a total ban on films. But steps should certainly (surely) be taken to see that good instructive (useful) films are made, not trash and ruinous (damaging) presentations merely (simply) to cater (supply) to cheap tastes. Knowingly or unknowingly the films molds (shapes) the youth of today in one way or the other and effect of cinema on youth can be seen widely. Even the youngsters in rural areas are so much affected by the movies, that they place the heroes of the film in a very integrated (internal) part of their minds. They try to change their lifestyle according to the films, starting from hairstyle, clothes, dialogues and so on. It cannot be said that all the films are corrupting youth. Films also have a healthy and knowledgeable influence on the youth. There are films like â€Å"BAGHBAN† which was a family film and made us learn a lot. On the other hand, there are films like â€Å"RANG DE BASANTIâ€Å", â€Å"LAGAAN†, â€Å"TAARE ZAMEEN PAR† which are a wonderful films, giving the youth to learn so many good things in life. Films like â€Å"NAYAKâ€Å" are ideal (perfect) lessons for the politicians of this country. Films have inspired young people to combat (fight) against several social evils like untouchability, dowry, etc. But ultimately it’s â€Å"WE† or the individual, on whom everything depends on what he/she gains from the films. We should see the films to enjoy and learn good things and not let the bad things affect us. Thus, â€Å"Youth and Cinema† is a notion to be thought upon and concerned. So, beware of what you see and what you gain.

Hadith Literature Essays

Hadith Literature Essays Hadith Literature Essay Hadith Literature Essay Introduction Hadithliterature is a aggregation of Islamic Traditions which are considered by Muslims to be descriptions of the words and workss of the Prophet Muhummad, so hence a fancied Tradition is a composing which does non reflect the true words and workss of Muhummad but is falsely ascribed to the Prophet however. Islamic and Western beginnings both hold that an tremendous sum of counterfeit was committed during the creative activity of Hadith literature, with Ibn Hanbal doing the claim that fictions occur in the Hadith to such a great extent that these Hagiographas have been more affected by counterfeit than any other subdivision of literature. The sheer bulk of the fancied Traditions are believed to hold been introduced toHadithliterature by the storytellers themselves, through hammering the statements and invented ironss of transmittal from Muhummad to themselves from their ain imaginativeness to add legitimacy to theirHadith. The presence of false histories of the workss and words of Mu hummad is non allowable to Muslims, [ 1 ] so hence traditional and modern Muslim bookmans have made assorted efforts to place the fanciedHadithliterature and take them from the cannon. : Purposes of the Undertaking The primary purpose of this research undertaking is to analyze the extent to which the phenomenon of fiction occurs inHadithliterature and the ways in which Muslim bookmans have responded to this phenomenon. This undertaking besides aims to analyze the differences in sentiments between Muslim bookmans and Western bookmans that have arisen during treatments of counterfeit in Hadith literature. Through dividing my focal point into these two wide classs of analysis I am taking to analyze the possible influence of personal spiritual beliefs on the ways in which spiritual texts are analysed. This will be achieved by analyzing the differences between how Muslim bookmans have chosen to analyze this issue and how this compares and contrasts to the ways in which Western bookmans analyse the really same texts. Significance of the Undertaking The significance of this research undertaking is highlighted by the really being of voluminous sums of literature which explores the subject ofHadithcounterfeit, which serves as an index of the importance that this issue holds to both Muslim and Western bookmans. [ 2 ] This research is alone because it attempts to give a holistic history of fiction in theHadithliterature by every bit analyzing the different attacks that are taken by Muslim and Western bookmans and pulling decisions based upon a balanced attack which considers both point of views. Personal Motivation My personal motive for chosing this subject is a desire to derive a deeper and more sophisticated cognition and apprehension of the Koran. I am motivated to put my focal point onHadithliterature due to the fact that these traditions are cardinal to understanding how Muhummad related to his followings and behaved in mundane life and are hence an built-in componant of understanding Islam and the Koran in general. I am motivated to analyze this subject from both Western and Muslim positions because I am seeking to derive a holistic apprehension of the subject that can merely be gained through equal attending to literature developed by bookmans from both universes. Methodology The methodological analysis that I will use to analyze the extent to which counterfeits occur in Hadith literature and the ways in which Muslim bookmans have responded to this phenomenon will imply separate scrutinies of these issues from a Western position and from a Muslim position. I will carry on a reappraisal of literature written by non-Muslims who have an academic background within the Western educational context and besides coincident reappraisal of Muslim scholar’s Hagiographas on the same subjects. This research proposal will get down its treatment of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature by researching some of the point of views contained within the Hagiographas on this subject that have been presented by Western writers. The sentiment of these bookmans on this sacredly pertinent subject is important because unlike bookmans composing from a Muslim position, these writers presumptively view theHadithliterature without the prejudice that can perchance originate fro m a desire to warrant bing dogmatic spiritual beliefs. This statement does non presume that Western writers have approached this subject in an indifferent and scientific mode, but it is of import in any balanced research undertaking to see decisions reached by bookmans who approach the subject from different positions and who have different purposes and ends when carry oning their research. After an geographic expedition of some typical Western scholarly sentiments on the subject of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature, this research proposal will research the literature which expresses the point of views espoused by bookmans who write on this subject from a Muslim position. Due to the fact that these bookmans are composing on this subject from within the Islamic spiritual tradition, these bookmans presumptively view theHadithliterature as texts that are imbued with personal spiritual significance and hence have a position on this affair that widely differs from what that expressed by Western bookmans. While Muslim bookmans have engaged in a drawn-out argument about the extent to which fabricated Hagiographas permeateHadithliterature, as a generalization it can be said that Muslim bookmans hold that there is more historical truth in the word pictures of the words and behaviors of Muhummad so Western critics are willing to profess. This phenomenon can be partially at tributed to the fact that these Hagiographas have immense religious and spiritual significance to Muslim bookmans, summed up by M. M. Azami when he stated that theHadithof the Prophet is the 2nd chief beginning of Islamic jurisprudence, valid forever, and the life of the Prophet is a theoretical account which ought to be followed by Muslims irrespective of clip and topographic point. For this ground, the Companions, even in the life of the Prophet, began to spread the cognition of theSunnahand they were ordered by the Prophet to make so [ 3 ] . From this statement entirely we can see that through the lens of spiritual significance, as opposed to the scientific and historic lens of Western writers, texts gain an importance in a sacredly important mode and hence needfully keep truth to the reader as a affair of religion. This research proposal will so research some of the relevant literature on the assorted ways that Muslim bookmans are thought to see the extent to which fictions occu r in Hadith literature. This research proposal will so travel its focal point from a treatment of the extent to which fictions occur inHadithliterature to a treatment of the ways in which Muslim bookmans attempted to extinguish fictions from this literature. Once once more, Western bookmans who have written on this issue have differing sentiments to the bookmans from a Muslim background. Due to this obvious fact this research undertaking will discourse the ways in which Muslim bookmans responded to this phenomenon through their assorted methods which were designed to extinguish fictions fromHadithliterature. Following this geographic expedition of the efforts that have been made to extinguish fictions I will discourse the assorted unfavorable judgments that have been directed by Western bookmans towards these methods and the diehards who implemented them. Despite the fact that considerable attempt has been invested by Muslim bookmans in finding whichHadithTraditions are counterfeits and which are accurate, the methods employed by Muslim bookmans have been widely criticised by Western writers on the subject. Looking at the subject from the point of view of a Muslim bookman who believes that Islam was established by an infallible prophesier, it is wholly plausible that Muhummad would hold foreseen the hereafter development of Islam and the centrality of the Hadith to the Islamic people and hence have taken stairss to guarantee the truth of theHadithliterature. To a Western bookman nevertheless, this is a much less scientifically plausible state of affairs than Muhummad moving in a mode that was non witting of the signifier that Islam would finally take. Unlike Muslim bookmans, Western writers have no spiritual jussive mood to happen truth in theHadithliterature and hence have a basically different attack to the spiritual tradition as a whole. With this critical point in head, this research undertaking will eventually analyze some unfavorable judgments aimed towards the methods through which Muslim bookmans attempted to place counterfeits withinHadithliterature. Literature Review There has been a important sum of attending given to the subject of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature by bookmans in the Western universe, but it is widely acknowledged that the first bookman who explored this subject from a Western position was Gustav Weil in 1848 [ 4 ] . In the sentiment of Weil, the extent of the presence of fiction inHadithliterature is so terrible that really small acceptance should be lent to the genuineness of theHadithliterature, as the sheer bulk can non be flatly proven to be true histories of the life and workss of Muhummad [ 5 ] . Western bookmans since Weil have by and large supported his decisions sing the extent that fiction occurs inHadithliterature. For illustration, the German bookman Ignaz Goldziher was another Western advocate of this point of view. The chapter researching the fiction ofHadithliterature in his book Muslim Studies’ reached the decision that no portion of theHadithcan be flatly proven to be the reliable vocalizations o f Muhummad or even a dependable description of the manner in which he behaved [ 6 ] . In the position of Goldziher, theHadithis simply a aggregation of fictions which arose from the societal and historical development of Islam that occurred in the first two centuries after Muhummad, and hence theHadithcan non be considered to incorporate any accurate word pictures of the life of Muhummad whatsoever. If the point of views of these Western writers are taken to be accurate, one can reason that theHadithliterature is so prevailing with fictions and inaccuracies that it is impossible to find if the literature contains any historical truth at all. While there is no argument among Muslim authors that fictions are present inHadithliterature, there is nevertheless dissensions that revolve around the extent to which they occur and when these fictions originated. For illustration, in his book entitled The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature’ , Juynboll stated that All Muslim theologists agree on the fact that counterfeit of traditions has occurred on a bit by bit increasing graduated table from the center of the first century of the Higra onwards, until such writers as Bukhari, Muslim and others had compiled their about unflawed aggregations ; by making so they gave the tradition literature its decidedly sound signifier. [ 7 ] However, another Muslim bookman, A §-eidd?q Bash?r Na §r claimed that Juynboll’s sentiment is prevailing with bias, reasoning that Juynboll concluded this position from the statements of theologists and that the original Traditionists did non keep this position. Na §r argues that the most likely day of the month of the outgrowth of fictions in the Hadith literature is the center of the first century [ 8 ] . InNa §r’sposition there is dependable historical grounds that can be used to presume that the fiction began during the Caliphate of gt ; Uthm?n or even gt ; Al? who died in 40 A.H.. [ 9 ] Other Muslim bookmans argue that fictions began to emerge while Muhummad was still alive. For illustration, to back up this position that fiction began during the life-time of the Prophet. Aumad Am?n often quoted Tradition which reads, Who intentionally lies about me, he will seek himself a topographic point in Hell. [ 10 ] Am?n understood this Tradition to connote that the counterfeit took topographic point at the clip of the Prophet and this tradition was uttered in response to an incident in which some words were attributed to the Prophet but he was non responsible for them. [ 11 ] Other Muslim bookmans choose to reason against the Western statements that no truth can be attributed toHadithliterature by indicating that that the truth position ofHadithliterature is merely expressed in likely footings. Wael Hallaq is a advocate of this line of logical thinking, reasoning that the early and mediaeval Muslim bookmans acknowledged that theHadith’struthfulness can non of all time be known apodictically [ 12 ] . Hallaq pointed out that theHadithare separated into theMutawatirwhich figure less than a twelve and are provably true, and theAhadwhich are merely thought to be likely true [ 13 ] . Since the majority of theHadithHagiographas autumn into the latter class they can non be capable to the Western historical unfavorable judgments that authors such as Weir and Goldziher subject them to. While the above Muslim writers chose to put their focal point upon when fictions began to happen in theHadithliterature, other bookmans such as the Pakistani bookman Fazlur Ra hman deny the strong presence of fictions withinHadithliterature. In his book Islamic Methodology in History’,Fazlur argues that in line with the Arabic tradition of passing down verse forms, expressions, and statements of their Judgess and tribal leaders, there is no uncertainty that the workss and stating of person they considered to be the Prophet of God would be narrated every bit accurately as possible [ 14 ] . Rahman argues that the rejection of this natural phenomenon is equivalent to a grave unreason, a wickedness against history [ 15 ] . Despite the fact that Rahman argues that theHadithcompetently covers Muhummad’s behavior, he does profess that it besides contains extra stuff such as asides, analogies, and new thoughts, but that these add-ons are non needfully pure fictions based upon falsenesss. So while Muslim bookmans do reason about the extent to which fictions have occurred inHadithliterature and when they began to happen, it is clear that they are much less critical of the pervasion of fictions withinHadithliterature than Western bookmans. TheHadithliterature was originally transmitted from one individual to another through unwritten agencies. When they were recorded in the written word they were by and large accompanied by a series of links between the people who originally transmitted the narratives or cognition contained within theHadith. This concatenation of transmittal, referred to as theisnad, was closely studied by the medieval and traditional Muslim bookmans who sought to find whichHadithswere falsified and which were a true word picture of the life and behavior of Muhummad. For aHadithto be considered echt it had to hold an unbrokenisnadconcatenation with no spreads in the transmittal and the personal unity of the people quoted in theseisnadswas of tantamount importance in finding if theHadithwas to be considered dependable. [ 16 ] This close appraisal of theisnadscame to be known as the Science of the Hadith’ which was unusually sophisticated and at one phase was divided up into 200 sub-fields of ques tion [ 17 ] . In add-on to the close appraisal of the attach toingisnadof each piece ofHadithliterature, Muslim scholars besides note that thematn, or the content, of eachHadithis besides of import. On the footing of the methods of unfavorable judgment developed by Muslim critics, there were legion rules for the unfavorable judgment ofmatnthat were utilised in finding the possible fiction of each personHadith. For illustration, the Traditions incorporating disproportionately high wagess for undistinguished good workss or disproportionately terrible penalties for ordinary wickednesss must be rejected ; the Traditions incorporating the excellence and congratulationss of individuals, folks and peculiar topographic points should be rejected ; the Traditions which contain elaborate prognostications of the future events with day of the months must be rejected ; and the Traditions containing such comments of the Prophet as may non be in maintaining with his prophetical place, or such looks as may non be suited to him, should be rejected. [ 18 ] This method was besides applied in order to do cross comparings between theHadiths. For illustration, theHadithsof different pupils of the same bookman were compared in order to turn up inaccuracies and falsenesss. In add-on to this method, the statements of a individual bookman at different times were compared. This method of unfavorable judgment was applied to look into whether the sender added something to the Hadith or it remained the same as he transmitted it before. Finally, harmonizing to theMuuaddith?n, the information gained from books is more reliable and accurate than what is based on one’s memory. The German bookman Ignaz Goldziher was among the first of Western writers to knock the methods of the traditional Muslim bookmans in placing forgedHadithliterature. Goldziher criticised these bookmans for puting their primary focal point when look intoing counterfeits on the accompanyingisnad( concatenation of transmittal ) and paying less attending to thematn( content ) of theHadithtradition. When theisnadis the primary standards for placing counterfeits, argues Goldziher, of import incompatibilities in the content ofHadithliterature are frequently unmarked [ 19 ] . One of the important hints for Western bookmans that aHadithTradition is deceitful is through placing mentions attributed to Muhummad refering events which could merely hold taken topographic point after the decease of Muhummad. Western bookmans make the premise that this occurs due to the fact that possibly people wanted to do their ain doctrinal place more legitimate by imputing it straight to Muhummad. For illustratio n, when Western bookmans see aHadiththat says When a Prophet was still among us, we compared no work forces with Abu Bakr and, after him, with Umar, and so Uthman. We made no differentiation between the staying Companions, ( Abu Dawud ) they point out that this is a direct mention to the split between the Shiites and Sunni Muslims which occurred long after the decease of Mohummad. Therefore, in the eyes of Western bookmans, thematnof thisHadithis historically inaccurate and it must be considered a counterfeit [ 20 ] . From this illustration it becomes clear that from a Western point of view aHadithmust be capable to strict scientific and historical standards, but from a Muslim point of view it must run into wholly different standards which are chiefly based upon the personal unity and honestness of the people mentioned in the concatenation of transmittal. This is merely one illustration of the divide that separates the two ways of analyzing spiritual texts for truth. From the literature reviews explored in this research undertaking it has become clear that there is undeniable grounds in support of the impression that a great manyHadithTradition came into being from mere fictions of the life, words, and workss of the Prophet Muhummad. However, these Traditions were sifted out and set under probe through textual unfavorable judgment by Traditional Muslim bookmans who devised vigorous standards for sorting the Traditions harmonizing to the nature of thematnand theisnadof each peculiar piece of literature. Despite these great attempts to place fictions, Western writers have been really critical about the historical and scientific truth of these methods. From a Western position the honestness and personal unity of the people quoted in theisnadof each peculiarHadithis non sufficient grounds to propose historical truth in theHadith, which has been the primary tool of probe employed by Muslim bookmans to place counterfeits. To Western bookmans the survey of thematnis of greater importance, and even if thematncontains no incompatibilities, absurdnesss, or inaccuracies, Western bookmans remain firm in their point of view that these standards entirely can non be sufficient for labeling literature as historically accurate. One ground to account for this can possibly be found in the fact that these bookmans have no spiritual jussive mood to happen truth in these Hagiographas, and whether they be proven to be fact or fiction has no consequence on their personal or spiritual lives. Regardless of the grounds which underlie this disagreement in sentiment between Western and Muslim bookmans, the divide in sentiments is prevailing with important ideological differences in the attack to the spiritual tradition of Islam as a whole and is non likely to be reconciled with the debut of any longer rigorous analytical standards ofHadithtexts. Mentions As-Siba`i, Mustafa.1961,As-Sunnah Washington Makanatuha fi at-Tashri` al-Islami. Cairo: Dar al-`Urubah. Azimi, M. M. , 1977,Surveies in Hadith Methodology and Literature, Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. Fazlur, R. 1965,Islamic Methodology in History, Pakistan: Central Institute of Islamic Research. Garden, K. 2005,The Koran and Hadith, Middle East Institute, Viewed April 22neodymium2006, lt ; www.mideasti.org/articles/doc395.pdf gt ; Goldziher, I. 1967,Muslim Surveies, London: George Allen A ; Unwin LTD. Hallaq, W. B. 1999, The Authenticity of Prophetic Hadith: A Psuedo-Problem, ’ inStudia Islamic, Vol. 89, pgs. Juynboll, G. H. A. , 1969,The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature, Leiden: E. J. Brill. Nasr, A. , 1992,Dabit Ar-Riwayah `inda Al-Muhaddithin.Rottenstone: Dar ash-Shuruq. Shabbir, M. 1982,The Authority and Authenticity of Hadith as a Beginning of Islamic Law,New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. Zubayr Siddiqi M. , 1961,Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development and Special Features, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.

Free Essays on Sweatshops

In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company building went up in flames, and one hundred and forty six young female workers’ lives came to an end. The New York legislature was forced to pass laws regulating the work hours and conditions, marking one of the first steps to decrease sweatshop labor. In the past decade, several associations all around the world have successfully aided the fight to reduce corporations’ use of sweatshops. Competition causes big businesses to strive for the best profit, and the labor source rarely impedes upon their financial system, because sweatshop labor is cheap labor. With the help of committees like USAS, NLC, and SCALE, people are becoming informed of the horrible sweatshop conditions, and they are organizing coalitions to end the worker misuse and abuse. What exactly makes a factory qualify as a sweatshop? By direct quote of an encyclopedia, a sweatshop is a â€Å"workplace where conditions are oppressive and unhealthy and where there is unchecked exploitation of workers† (Sweatshops 435). Sweatshop labor includes many unjust practices, with a mass of unskilled and unorganized laborers, as well as ignorance of poor working conditions. The imperfect systems of management tend to neglect the workers as humans, with contracts that carve out excessive exploitation and produce unpredictable employment (Sweatshops 435). The use of this unjust labor system has presented a problem for a long time. Sweatshops have existed for over one hundred years. Complaints of sweatshop labor began in the 1860s, when the wives of civil war soldiers were employed to make uniforms. During the 1880s, immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe provided an immense amount of cheap labor. The problems of low wages and harmful conditions greatly increased during the twentieth century industrialization period, and the amount of sweatshops exploded in Latin America and Asia. However, with the rise in sweatshop... Free Essays on Sweatshops Free Essays on Sweatshops In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company building went up in flames, and one hundred and forty six young female workers’ lives came to an end. The New York legislature was forced to pass laws regulating the work hours and conditions, marking one of the first steps to decrease sweatshop labor. In the past decade, several associations all around the world have successfully aided the fight to reduce corporations’ use of sweatshops. Competition causes big businesses to strive for the best profit, and the labor source rarely impedes upon their financial system, because sweatshop labor is cheap labor. With the help of committees like USAS, NLC, and SCALE, people are becoming informed of the horrible sweatshop conditions, and they are organizing coalitions to end the worker misuse and abuse. What exactly makes a factory qualify as a sweatshop? By direct quote of an encyclopedia, a sweatshop is a â€Å"workplace where conditions are oppressive and unhealthy and where there is unchecked exploitation of workers† (Sweatshops 435). Sweatshop labor includes many unjust practices, with a mass of unskilled and unorganized laborers, as well as ignorance of poor working conditions. The imperfect systems of management tend to neglect the workers as humans, with contracts that carve out excessive exploitation and produce unpredictable employment (Sweatshops 435). The use of this unjust labor system has presented a problem for a long time. Sweatshops have existed for over one hundred years. Complaints of sweatshop labor began in the 1860s, when the wives of civil war soldiers were employed to make uniforms. During the 1880s, immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe provided an immense amount of cheap labor. The problems of low wages and harmful conditions greatly increased during the twentieth century industrialization period, and the amount of sweatshops exploded in Latin America and Asia. However, with the rise in sweatshop...

What Allahu Akbar Means

What Allahu Akbar Means Although most often translated as God is great, Allahu Akbar is Arabic for God is greater or God is greatest. The phrase, known as takbir in Arabic, is expressive of a range of moods and occasions in the Islamic world, from displays of approval and happiness to entreaties or spiritual and at times propagandistic cheerleading during political rallies. Allahu Akbar is also spoken during salat, the five-times-daily prayer, and by muezzins as they chant the call to prayer from their minarets. Allahu Akbar in International News The phrase has been tainted by its usage, or rather misuse, by Islamist extremists, Salafists, and terrorists, including the 9/11 terrorists, several of whom carried copies of handwritten letters exhorting them to strike like champions who do not want to go back to this world. Shout, Allahu Akbar, because this strikes fear in the hearts of the nonbelievers. The phrase was also used with political undertones during Irans 1979 Islamic Revolution, as Iranians took to their roofs and shouted Allahu Akbar in defiance of the shahs regime. Iranians returned to the ritual in the aftermath of the fraudulent presidential election of June 2009. Common Misspellings: Allah Akbar

HMNT Ripple Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HMNT Ripple Effect - Essay Example Other positive effects of popular culture include ability to create positive role models, draw the line between good and bad and deliver this understandable message to wide masses without a doubt that the majority will get everything rights. Popular culture is controlled by authorities who serve as censors; they label content, ban it or ask to modify it if needed. There are legal definitions for obscenity, indecency and profanity that create certain legal frame for content creators (Obscenity, Indecency and Profanity: Its Against the Law). In some sense, popular culture controls society telling what to like and what to do. Also, it unifies people who come from different backgrounds and makes it easier for them to live together. Even though there are still many ongoing discussions about gender portrayals in art (Onstad, 2008) and racist messages (Vedantam, 2008), they depict a great progression in liberal though compared to what was popular 20 or even 10 years ago. Since popular culture is created by people, it is obvious that society has a great influence on it. Culture is the reflection of society of its creators; attitudes, moods, events, trends, roles and even political situations serve as factors of influence. Culture influences people in response popularizing certain ideas, spreading information, depicting changes and introducing new ideas to all. In this way, society and culture influence each other; they co-exist in complex relationships and change together. Vedantam, S. (2008, March 24).Unequal perspectives hyperlink "http://proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1450200881&sid=4&fmt=3&clientid=70192&rqt=309&vname=pqd"onhyperlink "http://proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1450200881&sid=4&fmt=3&clientid=70192&rqt=309&vname=pqd" racial equalityhyperlink "http://proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1450200881&sid=4&fmt=3&clientid=70192&rqt=309&vname=pqd".The Washington Post,HYPERLINK

Two Complex Crises that preceded the Civil War Assignment

Two Complex Crises that preceded the Civil War - Assignment Example Northerners were not universally concerned with the humanitarian aspects of slavery, but they were almost unanimously against the growing political power of the Southern landowner. The Southern states had a disproportionate power in the House of Representatives and in the Electoral College due to the 3/5 count of slaves. By 1819, this rule boosted the membership of the Southern states in the House by 17 representatives. While this seems like backwards thinking, since of course if the slaves were to become free citizens they would receive a full count in the House of Representatives, those votes would likely fall in the same theme as those of the Northern anti-slavery states. This would help re-balance the scales in the House, the same way that admitting states in pairs between slave-owning and free states balanced the power in the Senate (Howe, 150). In order to settle this debate about the balance of power, Henry Clay helped to mediate the historical Missouri Compromise, which agree d that slavery would be prohibited in the new territory north of the line of 36 degrees 30' latitude. For the South, this compromise ensured the continuation of their ideal that there would be no end to slavery without the consent of the local white population, by majority vote. It also set as a principle what had already been the precedent, that states should be admitted into the United States in pairs, continuing the balance of power in the Senate between the two (Howe, 154). What could be considered the most important outcome of this compromise was that it solidified and clarified the viewpoint of the South toward emancipation. The situation surrounding the Missouri Compromise sHowe,d that even those Southerners who had a more moderate stance toward slavery in theory, when it came down to practice they were obviously against even gradual emancipation (Howe, 155). While the Missouri Compromise prevented the Republican party from falling apart along the lines of the Northern and So uthern states, it did later result in the the further division of Congress because of the practice of admitting states in pairs (Howe, 155, 836). The political party in the South known as the Radicals was gaining political power. These Radicals feared that the Missouri Compromise might lead to further compromises on the issue of slavery, and eventually end with the outlawing of all slave-owning practices (Howe, 402-403). Part 2: The Nullification Crisis This fear linked to a later controversy, the Nullification Crisis. This crisis centered around the Tariff of 1832, as the Radicals linked such tariffs with emancipation efforts (Howe, 402-403). This nullification would result in the removal of the federal price on land sales. If the group could pressure other states into following their lead on the tariff they could use it for slavery and protect the institution (The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History). In 1832, South Carolina declared federal tariff on land sales to be voi d, and raised an army to defend this nullification (The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History). The bill passed that nullified the tariff also mentioned the threat of secession from the Union if the tariff was not repealed (Howe, 404). President Jackson declared nullification illegal and had Congress pass the Force Act, which allows

The impact of culture on consumer buying behaviour Essay

The impact of culture on consumer buying behaviour - Essay Example This paper illustrates that cultural factors have an important influence on the buying behavior of consumers. It consists of operating procedures that are mutually shared, norms, tools, values, and unstated assumptions. It also comprises standards for evaluating, communicating, and perceiving. Cultural factors differ by country to country and are a complex phenomenon when people move to foreign countries where the cultural dimensions that are prevalent are totally different. Under such circumstances, people are faced with various cultural reference groups which ultimately affect their behavior towards purchasing. Marketers, in response, must develop tools for marketing communication which seeks to address reference group and cultural factors from a domestic as well as global perspective. Market segmentation must be used by marketers to develop marketing messages for customers with the purpose of educating them about the service or product being offered so that they are stimulated to buy the service or product of the marketer being advertised. Culture is defined as a sum total of values, customs, and learned beliefs that guide the behavior of consumers living in a particular society. Consumer behavior is concerned about the decision-making processes of buyers. It studies behavioral variables and demographics to understand the wants of consumers. It is not easy to define culture in respect of its pervasive and broad nature. Its boundaries are not easy to define. There are several aspects to it which need to be understood.

Review the business proposal submitted by other Learning Team Essay

Review the business proposal submitted by other Learning Team - Essay Example This statement is apparently used to remove the idea of the tacit collusion that is generally associated with price leadership in oligopolistic markets. The paper also assumes applicability of the Kinked demand curve model for this case. The paper states that the Chrysler Group LLC’s revenue can be increased by escalating the efficiency of its operations and the quality of its products, services, and marketing strategies. This is a generic statement that needs to be elaborated. Secondly, the paper assumed applicability of the Kinked demand curve which argues that where a â€Å"kink† does exist then a marginal change in cost structure or marginal change in revenue structure will not be immediately reflected in a new quantities sold or price for the given item. The paper does not use the Kinked demand curve model in its argument. It is true that in oligopolistic markets firms have mutual interdependence. Also, a major downside of using the Kinked demand curve model is that the model does not show us what causes a new equilibrium price and quantity to be achieved, and how that happens. Nevertheless, we disagree with the paper’s analysis that because of the above two reasons, the company cannot determine the price and output level for which it can maximize its profit. The paper could have used other models such as the Cournot-Nash model that looks at firms competing on the basis of quantity. The paper therefore does not clearly state its way to establish the profit maximization quantity. The automobile industry is a typical example of a differentiated oligopolistic market. Naturally, this would mean firms have to compete on their products differentiated attributes. The author’s example of the Pentastar V6 engine illustrates this. Patenting the Pentastar V6 engine is a great example of creating an entry barrier to firms seeking to enter the market. These firms will be forced to invest heavily in Research and Development in order to come up with

Rhetorical analysis essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetorical analysis essay - Assignment Example In his commencement address to the graduating class of 2005 at the Stanford University, Steve Jobs strives to uphold his argument that one should pursue their dreams without allowing challenges to stop them (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). Steve Jobs tells three stories of his life to convince the students to focus on their dreams and disregard all challenges, which would stop them. He told the students to use such challenges as opportunities to achieve more. The address focuses on three stories that would have prevented Steve Jobs from achieving his dreams but instead he used them as stepping stones to learn and record huge success in technology. Steve Jobs derives various arguments in the three stories regarding the family challenges at his childhood, professional challenges at his workplace, and health challenges from his diagnosis with cancer (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). In establishing his argument, Steve Jobs uses different rhetorical strategies and establishes his credibility to convince the target audience on the need to focus on one’s goals and use challenges as opportunities to succeed in life. For us to understand the intentions of Steve Jobs in developing an\d utilizing his argument on TED Talk during the commencement address at the Stanford University, we must analyze the target audience, apparent purpose of the argument, and the context where the argument occurred. Steve Jobs argues that challenges will always be there in our pursuit for success but we should always maximize the challenges and treat them as opportunities to achieving our dreams. The context of Steve Jobs’ argument emanates from his personal experiences where he faced many challenges before making immense contributions in modern technology. Moreover, various statistics showing how graduates lose their dreams after facing serious challenges in life developed the context of his argument. Moreover, the fact that Steve Jobs never graduated from college and the idea of

Gun control is it better to make more stringent laws or ban them all Research Paper

Gun control is it better to make more stringent laws or ban them all together - Research Paper Example These incidents horrified not only the family of the victims but a majority of the Americans. In 2000 alone, about 52,447 people died deliberately of gunshot wounds in the United States (Wikipedia, 2011). The country rank first of the world’s 36 richest nation to have gun related deaths. Such incidences and information alerted the politicians, experts and law makers to revive the gun ban in an effort to prevent similar cases to happen and to reduce prevalence of robbery, drug dealings and other forms of crime. The proposal however, was not welcome by everyone. Majority pointed that gun ban is a violation of the second amendment and is not a solution to the problem because guns do not kill but people who has guns do. Law makers should create a tougher gun control laws and its implementation be strictly observed for individuals and manufacturers to be more responsible. Discussion Some sectors of the society claim that gun ban reduces homicide. To them, they believe that countrie s banning guns have lower rate of crimes like homicide. Premeditated crimes would be limited to an extent. Their challenge proves to be true. A study in 1991 found out that a District of Columbia showed a twenty five percent (25%) drop in their homicide cases owing to the implementation of the gun ban. In the same year, Baltimore also showed a positive result with also a decline however the rate of percentage was not revealed. This is in contrast with Columbia’s neighboring States like Marlyland and Virginia with no gun ban showing no decline in their homicide cases (Schwartz, 2008). The study further mentioned that suicide rates by fire arms likewise have declined by twenty three percent (23%) in Columbia just the same. Another important finding was that of the 1999 study that shows that there was a reduction of violent juvenile crime involving minors of 10 to 17 years old from 1994 to 1998 after the implementation of the Brady law and assault weapon ban (La Rosa, 2002). The above affirmation was refuted by the supporters of pro- gun advocates. Pro-gun groups believe that homicide and the absence of guns are not related to the decline in the incidences of homicide. They pointed out the situation of some parts of Europe whose citizens are allowed to own a gun yet have lesser rate of homicide cases. Switzerland who issues a firearm to every law abiding male citizen for the purpose of mandatory militia obligation remains to have a low rate of homicide. The same applies to Austria, Belgium, and Germany with low homicide rates and yet allowed to own a gun. They further pointed out that Western Europe’s low rate of homicide has existed long before gun ban has been adopted (Kates, 2010). The finding above corroborates with the idea of Mauser (2001) where he argued that if gun ban decreases the prevalence of homicide is true, rural regions in the United States and Canada where firearms are observed to be plenty should have the highest rate of homicide. In fact, Mauser noted that urban regions where fewer firearms are found have the same low rate of homicide cases with that of the rural areas where guns are bountiful. Mauser further added that individuals who are most armed with guns are hunters who are not a threat to the society and that they only use their guns for hunting purposes and has nothing to do with homicide. La Rosa in his article (2002) also provided information that even in countries with strict gun control laws has incidences of shootings. He

Rhetorical analysis essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetorical analysis essay - Assignment Example In his commencement address to the graduating class of 2005 at the Stanford University, Steve Jobs strives to uphold his argument that one should pursue their dreams without allowing challenges to stop them (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). Steve Jobs tells three stories of his life to convince the students to focus on their dreams and disregard all challenges, which would stop them. He told the students to use such challenges as opportunities to achieve more. The address focuses on three stories that would have prevented Steve Jobs from achieving his dreams but instead he used them as stepping stones to learn and record huge success in technology. Steve Jobs derives various arguments in the three stories regarding the family challenges at his childhood, professional challenges at his workplace, and health challenges from his diagnosis with cancer (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). In establishing his argument, Steve Jobs uses different rhetorical strategies and establishes his credibility to convince the target audience on the need to focus on one’s goals and use challenges as opportunities to succeed in life. For us to understand the intentions of Steve Jobs in developing an\d utilizing his argument on TED Talk during the commencement address at the Stanford University, we must analyze the target audience, apparent purpose of the argument, and the context where the argument occurred. Steve Jobs argues that challenges will always be there in our pursuit for success but we should always maximize the challenges and treat them as opportunities to achieving our dreams. The context of Steve Jobs’ argument emanates from his personal experiences where he faced many challenges before making immense contributions in modern technology. Moreover, various statistics showing how graduates lose their dreams after facing serious challenges in life developed the context of his argument. Moreover, the fact that Steve Jobs never graduated from college and the idea of

Thomas Treadwell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thomas Treadwell - Essay Example There was a great transformation in American thinking intellectually, socially and politically. Treadwell was a patriot who joined the others in fighting the American loyalists and British to replace the royal government based in Massachusetts. In 1787, the year in which the constitutional convention took place, Thomas Treadwell was a judge of the court of the court of probate. He had been in this position from the beginning of 1778. This convention took place in Philadelphia to address the problems that had been experienced from the time of revolution in governing the United States of America (USC). Many had disputes about the election and composition of the Senate. The bone of contention was the definition of proportional representation. This was the question of inclusion of slaves or other property. There also questions on presidential elections, whether judges should be chosen by executive or by the law, whether to allow abolition of slave trade, and how long the presidential term would be. Many had also argued that presidential power ought to be divided between three persons and that executive power must not be left to one person. Thomas Treadwell was most interested in the constitutional convention of 1787 because at the time he was a judge which was one of the major issues that this convention was to address. The convention would address whether they would be chosen by the state laws or by the president and whoever else that was part of the executive. Treadwell being a specialist in laws would be affected by this convention across the board even as he moved into different posts. Between 1786- 1789 he gave his service in the New York State senate (USC). He viewed the constitutional convention as a platform through which Americans would come up with new laws to govern there nation’s operations. Treadwell was actively part of the delegation which first agreed on the principles of the convention. This

Palestinian ‘invasion Essay Example for Free

Palestinian ‘invasion Essay Since December 1, 2004, out of the 1085 Times’ columns, 37 percent of them talked about Palestinian ‘invasion(s)’, 36 percent mentioned ‘terrorism’, 28 percent talked about ‘terrorist(s)’, 21 percent brought up Palestinian ‘violence’ , 18 percent cited ‘suicide bombing(s)’, 16 percent stated Palestinian ‘weapon(s)’ and 14 percent of them cited Palestinian ‘radicals’. On the contrary to this strong Israeli account, only two words mirroring a Palestinian plot come into view in an equivalent proportion of Times’ columns. Israeli â€Å"settlement(s)† were cited in 32 percent of articles and Israeli â€Å"occupation† was cited in only 16 percent of columns. This one-sidedness is even more arresting because the stress on Palestinian violence heard from last two and a half years time during which Israelis murdered 965 Palestinians, above half of the city dwellers, while Palestinians killed only 85 Israelis . However, Israeli ‘attacks(s)’ are cited in 13 percent of Times columns and Israeli ‘violence’ in only 4 percent. Ethan Bronner recently expressed his viewpoint at the back of The Times’ staged tilt towards a right-wing Israeli-US account. In mocking Jimmy Carter’s latest best-selling volume, Bronner said: â€Å"the never-ending disgrace of everyday life for the Palestinians under Israeli occupation† as â€Å"particularly since Israels exits from Southern Lebanon and Gaza have not closed anti-Israel hostility from those regions†, and since â€Å"for the most radical heads of the Muslim world†¦ resolving the Israel issue†¦ means getting rid of Israel. † However, Bronner’s assertion that a stress on Palestinian and Muslim violent behavior and extremism is required by recent actions is contradicted by the truth that the Times approach isn’t a newly-fangled one, but stands for a business as normal, mirroring the similar orientalist portrayal of Arabs and Muslims drawn by Edward Sa’id in 1978. An example of other Times’ columns from the last weeks offers solid cases of the biased coverage behind the stories. A columnist Isabel Kershner noted in the beginning sentences of her article â€Å"Israel and Palestinians Trade Fire in Gaza and West Bank† (April 22, 2007) that: â€Å"A sharp rise of Israeli-Palestinian fighting in the West Bank and Gaza left up to six Palestinians deceased and ended in Israeli air strikes into Gaza. † Although 6 Palestinians were murdered inside the West Bank and Gaza, with five deaths definitively credited to the Israeli armed forces, with no Israeli damages reported, the column captioned a swap over of blaze. Kershner’s beginning precis sentence didn’t point out the â€Å"violence† or even intensification to Israel, nor did she make use of the word â€Å"attack† to explain Israeli events. Even more odd, of the column’s 851 words in total, 524 words were dedicated to reciting a Palestinian â€Å"attack† on a confidential ‘American School for Palestinians in Gaza’ during which the invaders, â€Å"Islamic extremists† ruined school property, but no one got injuries. So Israeli soldiers, who slaughtered 6 Palestinians, didn’t assault and got less reporting than Palestinian extremists who assailed, though they injure not a soul. Well-known Israeli reporter Amira Hass has said: â€Å"What newspaper writing is truly about – its to keep a close eye on power and the centers of power. † The New York Times has been unsuccessful in attaining that idyllic model, not simply in coverage of Iraq, but also in reporting on Israelis and Palestinians conflict. Sooner than any perception of impartiality, balance or truth, the Times replicates as a substitute the inequity of authority between Israel and Palestine, highlighting the outlooks of the influential players – the Israelis and US administrations. Palestinians’ lived episodes – that they are beleaguered, being murdered, on the breadline, having their property seized, deprived of their human rights and the sufferers of a biased system – are masked by the drumming of ‘Palestinian terrorism’, even when hardly ever Israeli soldiers are being murdered. Similarly with Iraq, this chauvinistic story of inborn Arab bloodshed is being browbeaten to give good reasons for dominance of one people by another. Lacking this investigation, Bill Moyers’ â€Å"Buying the War† stands for only a primary step towards revealing US media bias in coverage of the Middle East. References: Edward Said. â€Å"Orientalism†. New York: Vintage Books. 1978. Kershner, Isabel. â€Å"Israel Says Hamas Was Plotting Terrorist Attacks†. The New York Times, April 11, 2007. 12 May 2007

Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity

Multiculturalism is a part of any country.There are Jews in Germany, Poles in Ireland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is a good idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and different views of life. No one is really a true Canadian besides the native people. We are all part of a vast society we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves in being a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so called melting pot so that if it doesn't fit they make it fit where as we change to adapt. The many cultures existing in Canada have created a rich cultural experience. An example is our Heritage Day celebrations where we celebrate our various diversities. Did you know that the most commonly spoken language in Vancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? People may be shocked but it's true because we are a free country and allow lots of immigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrants because sooner or later the social system will break down. We will not be regarded as the great free country that accepts so many immigrants.Although I hope we do not come to this point,I fear it will happen. Language is a part of multiculturalism. Evidence of this can be found in some many cities and towns. You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German , Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and media productions in varying languages. People that have a choice as to where they want to immigrate to , usually choose Canada because Canada is a great place to live according to U.N. statistics. Some people don't like multiculturalism and form cults, an example of which is the KKK. They are dead set against black people and believe in white Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity Multiculturalism is a part of any country.There are Jews in Germany, Poles in Ireland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is a good idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and different views of life. No one is really a true Canadian besides the native people. We are all part of a vast society we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves in being a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so called melting pot so that if it doesn't fit they make it fit where as we change to adapt. The many cultures existing in Canada have created a rich cultural experience. An example is our Heritage Day celebrations where we celebrate our various diversities. Did you know that the most commonly spoken language in Vancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? People may be shocked but it's true because we are a free country and allow lots of immigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrants because sooner or later the social system will break down. We will not be regarded as the great free country that accepts so many immigrants.Although I hope we do not come to this point,I fear it will happen. Language is a part of multiculturalism. Evidence of this can be found in some many cities and towns. You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German , Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and media productions in varying languages. People that have a choice as to where they want to immigrate to , usually choose Canada because Canada is a great place to live according to U.N. statistics. Some people don't like multiculturalism and form cults, an example of which is the KKK. They are dead set against black people and believe in white

Immigration and the U.S. :: Legal Issues, Illegal Immigration

Since 2001, when September 11th happened, many people in the United States have had a fear of allowing immigrants into the U.S. It went to levels of border control and more. Therefore some judge that immigration is a threat to the U.S. They should not consider that because everything that occurs is not due to immigrants, it is just â€Å"The Realities of Immigration† (Chavez, 46). The government can stop illegal immigration right now but would it not affect the U.S. more to do so? â€Å"Restrictionists claim that large-scale immigration-legal and illegal-has depressed wages, burdened government resources, and acted as a net drain on the economy† (Chavez, 47). Thus, if immigration was eliminated, the U.S. would have fewer workers. With a reduction of workers, money would be less therefore, causing the economy to plunge. People come to the U.S. to work and make a living, why would the government want to stop that? â€Å"If Americans would simply cut their own grass, cle an their own houses, and care for their own children, there would be no need for immigrant labors. But even if this were true, the overall economy would hardly benefit from having fewer workers† (Chavez, 47). Without immigrants, the economy would not flow smoothly because the workers make the jobs and economy better. Third world immigration is not a threat to America’s way of life because immigrants work, immigrants participate, and â€Å"illegal immigration already responds reasonably well to market forces† (Chavez, 50). Immigrants that come into the U.S. are not coming to harm anyone; they come to work and make a living. Hispanics and other races usually want to find a job and the U.S. has good quality jobs. â€Å"Despite the presence in our workforce of millions of illegal immigrants, the U.S. is currently creating slightly more than two million jobs a year and boasts an unemployment rate of 4.7 percent, which is lower than average in each of the past four decades† (Chavez, 47). Therefore, the U.S. consisted of several illegal immigrants that worked. That shows that they’ve done no harm. Just worked and made a living a majority of the time. They are good workers and as the U.S. generate more than two million jobs each year, the population of immigrant’s increases. It increases because the jobs increase thus, more immigrants come to the U.S. and work. The more people work, the more new jobs are prepared and the better the economy gets. Immigration and the U.S. :: Legal Issues, Illegal Immigration Since 2001, when September 11th happened, many people in the United States have had a fear of allowing immigrants into the U.S. It went to levels of border control and more. Therefore some judge that immigration is a threat to the U.S. They should not consider that because everything that occurs is not due to immigrants, it is just â€Å"The Realities of Immigration† (Chavez, 46). The government can stop illegal immigration right now but would it not affect the U.S. more to do so? â€Å"Restrictionists claim that large-scale immigration-legal and illegal-has depressed wages, burdened government resources, and acted as a net drain on the economy† (Chavez, 47). Thus, if immigration was eliminated, the U.S. would have fewer workers. With a reduction of workers, money would be less therefore, causing the economy to plunge. People come to the U.S. to work and make a living, why would the government want to stop that? â€Å"If Americans would simply cut their own grass, cle an their own houses, and care for their own children, there would be no need for immigrant labors. But even if this were true, the overall economy would hardly benefit from having fewer workers† (Chavez, 47). Without immigrants, the economy would not flow smoothly because the workers make the jobs and economy better. Third world immigration is not a threat to America’s way of life because immigrants work, immigrants participate, and â€Å"illegal immigration already responds reasonably well to market forces† (Chavez, 50). Immigrants that come into the U.S. are not coming to harm anyone; they come to work and make a living. Hispanics and other races usually want to find a job and the U.S. has good quality jobs. â€Å"Despite the presence in our workforce of millions of illegal immigrants, the U.S. is currently creating slightly more than two million jobs a year and boasts an unemployment rate of 4.7 percent, which is lower than average in each of the past four decades† (Chavez, 47). Therefore, the U.S. consisted of several illegal immigrants that worked. That shows that they’ve done no harm. Just worked and made a living a majority of the time. They are good workers and as the U.S. generate more than two million jobs each year, the population of immigrant’s increases. It increases because the jobs increase thus, more immigrants come to the U.S. and work. The more people work, the more new jobs are prepared and the better the economy gets.

Managing financial resources Essay

Rules and regulations: Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing coursework from another student and submitting it as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by the College. Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / isn’t plagiarism. Coursework Regulations 1 Students are required to submit their coursework on-line through online e-learning system http://stponline.org.uk. Detailed information about this is available in the student handbook submission 2 Details of submission procedures and penalty fees can be obtained from Academic Administration or the general student handbook. 3 Late coursework will be accepted by Academic Administration Office and marked according to the guidelines given in your Student Handbook for this year. 4 If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one, using a coursework extension request form available from the Academic Administration Office. Do not ask the lecturers responsible for the course – they are not authorised to award an extension. The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick. 5 General guidelines for submission of coursework: a All work must be word-processed and must be of â€Å"good† standard. b Document margins shall not be more than 2.5cm or less than 1.5cm c Font size in the range of 11 to 14 points distributed to including headings and body text. Preferred typeface to be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text. d Any computer files generated such as programme code (software), graphic files that form part of the course work must be submitted either online with the documentation. e The copy of the course  work submitted may not be returned to you after marking and you are advised to have your personal copy for your reference. f All work completed, including any software constructed may not be used for any purpose other than the purpose of intended study without prior written permission from St Patrick’s International College. Outcomes and assessment requirements Assignment title Managing Financial Resources in the health and Social Care Organisations – CARETECH HOLDING PLS Learning Outcome (LO) Assessment Criteria In this assessment you will have the opportunity to present evidence that shows you are able to: LO1 – TASK 1 Understand how systems are used to manage financial resources in health and social care 1.1 D2 Explain the principles of costing and business control systems 1.2 Identify information needed to manage financial resources 1.3 M1 Explain the regulatory requirements for managing financial resources 1.4 Evaluate systems for managing financial resources in a health or care organisation LO2 – TASK 2 Understand the role of planning in the management of health and social care budgets 2.1 M3 Discuss the diverse sources of income that may be encountered in health and social care 2.2 D1 Analyse the factors that may influence the availability of financial resources in health and social care organisations 2.3 Review different types of budget expenditure in health and social care organisations 2.4 Evaluate how decisions about expenditure are made within a health or social care organisation LO3 – TASK 3 Understand the importance of monitoring budget expenditure in health and social care organisations 3.1 D3 Explain how financial shortfalls can be managed 3.2 M3 Explain the actions to be taken in the event of suspected fraud 3.3 D2 Evaluate budget monitoring arrangements in a health or social care organisation LO4 – TASK 4 Understand how systems and processes for managing financial resources influence health and social care services. 4.1 D3 Identify information required to make financial decisions relating to a health and social care service 4.2 Analyse the relationship between a health and social care service delivered, costs and expenditure 4.3 M1 Evaluate how financial considerations impact upon an individual using the health and social care service 4.4 D1 Suggest ways to improve the health and social care service through changes to financial systems and processes Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Student signature: Date: In addition to the above PASS criteria, this assignment gives you the opportunity to submit evidence in order to achieve the following MERIT and DISTINCTION grades Grade Descriptor Indicative characteristic/s Contextualisation M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions An effective approach to study and research has been applied You will discuss at least three (3) financial considerations that affect and influence funding of care cost in a nursing and residential home (LO 4.3) Make effective judgment on the impact of regulators on the quality of care in the NHS; state at least two regulators and explain their roles (LO 1.3) M2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques A range of sources of information has been used To achieve M2, you will have to cite all references and sources of material used both for in-text citation and reference page. You will follow the Harvard referecing style through out your assignment. M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings Coherent, logical development of principles/concept for the intended audience The answer should consist of the at least 2 subheadings fully explained: (i) The red flags of fraud (ii) Actions to take in the event of fraud (LO 3.2) Explain the meaning of tecchical terms and functions in the Health organsiation (CCG, Capitation, Private equity) as you discuss the various sources of income for health and social care organisation (LO 2.1) D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions Conclusion arrived at through synthesis of ideas & justicfied You will explain and justify the various scheme proposed to improve the health care delivery by changes in the financial systems (LO 4.4) You will discuss the factors that mostly affect and influence availability of resource and suggest how health and social organisation can use that to their advantage (LO2.2) D2 Take responsibility for managing and organising activities The importance of interdependence recognised and achieved You will demonstrate with diagram and table, the budget monitoring arrangement. You will need to provide clear link of the process (LO 3.3) You will identify and explain the six NHS approve costing guidiance. State and explain the categories of cost (e.g Fixed/Variable; Direct/Indirect) and costing concept (cost centre, cost object and cost unit (LO 1.1) D3 Demonstrate convergent/lateral/ creative thinking Innovation/Creative thought have been applied Review the financial statements (Balance sheet & Profit and loss) and draw out at least seven types of information needed to make decision in CareTech (LO 4.1) You need to present the best practice in the health sector in  managing financial shortfall. A reference should be made to an innocative way used in the NSH (LO 3.1) Assignment brief Assignment title Managing Financial Resources in the health and Social Care Organisations – CARETECH HOLDING PLS Purpose of this assignment The health and social act 2012 requires health practionals and social care managers to be more innovate, more productive and more accountable while delivering the NHS, Adult Social care and Public health outcomes (quality, safety and patient experience) By carring out this assignment learners will be equipped with the knowledge and understanding needed to monitor costs, make predictions, evaluate the process of effective control of resource allocation, including shortfalls, and make recommendations for expenditure in health and social care organisation Scenario You are one of the home managers for CareTech Holdings PLC, a leading UK provider of specialist social care services. You have been invited to present a report to the Directors of the company, MONITOR-NHS and some CCG representatives as part of government review and monitoring of your care home This report is aimed to demonstrate your understanding and knowledge in Planning and managing budget in your home, it will show your skills in resource control and managing shortfall with your ability to make prediction and make recommendation for the future expenditure in CareTech Holding PLC Your report should cover and incorporate all the task and learning outcomes below (3,000 words) You should refer to the assessment criteria and the relevant unit content, when preparing your evidence of assessment. You can access the Annual report of CareTech Holdings PLC for 2013 at: http://www.caretech-uk.com/~/media/Files/C/Caretech-UK/press-release/pr-2013/2013-preliminary-results.pdf or the condenced version of the annual report on STP online; Assignment Folder section Learning outcome 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) M1, D2 1.1Explain the principles of costing and business control systems that may be adopted in CareTech Holding PLC. D2 1.2 What were the information needed to manage financial resource for CareTech Holding PLC in 2013 financial ending? 1.3 What regulatory requirements need to be satisfied while managing financial resources in CareThech Holding PLC? M1 1.4 Evaluate the systems for managing financial resources in CareTech Holding PLC ? Learning outcome 2 (LO 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4) M3 and D1 2.1 What are the diverse sources of income avaialabe to CareTech PLC in the financial year in 2013? M3 2.2 Analyse the factors that may influence the availability of financial resources in CareTech PLC? D1 2.3 Review different types of budget expenditure in CareTech PLC. 2.4 Evaluate how decisions about expenditure could be made in CareTech PLC Learning outcome 3 (LO 3.1, 3.2, 3.3) M3, D2 and D3 3.1 Assuming there was financial shortfall in CareTech PLC; explain how this situation could be managed? D3 3.2 What action you would take if you suspect occurrence of financial fraud in your organisation? M3 3.3 Evaluate budget monitoring arrangements in CareTech PLC. D2 Learning outcome 4 (LO 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4) M1, D1, and D3 4.1 Identify information required to make financial decisions relating to CareTech PLC D3 4.2 Analyse the relationship between care service delivered and ‘costs and expenditure’. 4.3 Evaluate how financial considerations impact upon a service user. M1 4.4 Suggest ways to improve the care service provided by CareTech PLC through changes to its financial systems and processes. D1

Three Kingdom Essay

Analyse the significance during the Three Kingdoms reign in China. The Three Kingdom period consists of the Kingdom of Wei, Kingdom of Shu and Kingdom of Wu. As a single dynasty, the Three Kingdoms Period originated in 220 AD when the Kingdom of Wei replaced the Eastern Han Dynasty which took place in 25 AD-220 AD. The Three Kingdom dynasty ended at 280 AD when the Kingdom of Wu was defeated by the Court of Jin. It is considered to be a special historical period full of power struggles and sophisticated military strategies, which some methods are still used today in modern warfare.Much can be said to justify their significance during their existence and their affects towards China during their reign. Religion would be one of the factors that contributed in China throughout this period. Buddhism had already arrived in China in the mid of Han Dynasty and brought up of its first congregation in southern China at the court of Prince of Chu. Buddhism was originally introduced in China wit h the development of the Silk Road when monks travelled with merchants.There was a need amongst the population for a belief with spiritual meanings. Hence, Buddhism took roots in China during this era. This religion was unique from other religions during the time. This new religion covered all people rich or poor, Chinese or not. Buddhist temples were constructed within the three kingdoms and thus millions of Chinese converted into Buddhism and which affected China greatly. Majority of the population in China were Buddhists. Till this day, Buddhism is recognised greatly.Architecture found new challenges in the construction of Buddhist pagodas and temples and in the monastery grottoes in the north. The Yungang cave temples are evident that Temples existed and were built during the Three Kingdoms reign. Archaeologist proved that these temples were built during the time because of the unearthed relics found on the site of these temples which dated back to the Three Kingdom period. The economy during the reign of these three kingdoms, chaos caused by war between these countries damaged the economic development of the three kingdoms.In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, also due to natural disasters, the economy was badly depressed, leading to the massive waste of farmland. Because of the collapse of the imperial court, newly minted coins never made their way into currency. Those worn copper coins were not melted and reminted and many privately minted coins appeared. Due to the collapse of the currency, China officially declared silk cloth and grains as their main currencies in 221 AD. The significance of status was well reflected during the three kingdoms.Status affected China greatly in the Southern Kingdom. They established a civil service system based on social ranks to determine the value of a person to contribute to the prosperity of the Wei. However, this system failed since the social status of a person and family affiliations would be unfair for those with a hi gher status, as they are more advantaged to those who are in a lower class than them, such as commoners and slaves. Aristocrats would marry only within their social rank or higher and gained large estates and financial wealth.Thus categorizing Chinese civilians into socio status in either rich or poor. Nobles were given high salaries and were excluded from paying taxes. However, because these rich families can afford education, literature, painting, poetry and culture, these practices became popular which helped their economy rise. The northern Kingdom improved Chinese culture and introduced strict reforms which strengthened the Chinese empire. The emperor of China had many officials and advisors which adapted a unifying Chinese style for clothes and accessories, interior designs, landscaping and even cuisine.One of the major significance that affected China was that it was the first Kingdoms to adopt traditional Chinese as the official language. This affected China immensely as Chi na had now adapted to its own official language which is still spoken today. Despite some of the negative impact of China’s economy, there were many significant advances on technology and science such as high level of military strategies with the invention of gunpowder for fireworks and gun. Smelting and metal works also became popular and was improved greatly during this period as armies were more gained more power.Improvements in other social factors were also significant such as the invention of the wind mill for irrigation, silk developments in Luoyang and Henan and Shu Kingdom’s irrigation and canal system. Machines were also constructed for food processing and transport. Brewing also became more refined because of the advances of food processors. Although crossbows had been in use for hundreds of years before this time, its design and model during this era is unknown. The crossbow used during this time period is more likely used in large group of marksmen deploye d to fire waves of bolts onto enemies from afar.The crossbow itself has superior range than normal bows. Thus it becomes more commonly used like an artillery purpose than sniping. Crossbows have been in use in China since the Zhou dynasty over 700 year earlier. In the later years, the great strategist and inventor Zhuge Liang had devised a more complicated platform. A multiple bolt firing crossbow and a semi-automatic crossbow was created to be used as an anti-personnel weapon. In terms of population the Wei was by far the strongest, retaining more than 660,000 households and 4,400,000 people within its borders.Shu had a population of 940,000, and Wu 2,300,000. Thus, Wei had more than 58% of the population and around 40% of territory. With these resources, it is estimated that it could raise an army of 400,000 whilst Shu and Wu could manage 100,000 and 230,000 respectively: roughly 10% of their registered populations. The Wu-Shu alliance against the Wei proved itself to be a militar ily stable configuration; this affected China for more than forty years as the population was unchanging during the time.In conclusive, the significance of the Three Kingdoms reign resulted in China’s technological advances like weaponry and the invention of the windmill which are evident through secondary sources. Religion also affected China during the Three Kingdom period as it was greatly recognised throughout China which is evident through archaeological structures like the temples that were built. Christina Lam Ung BIBLIOGRAPHY Hucker, C 1975, China’s Imperial Past, Stanford University Press http://www. chinapage. com/calligraphy/sushi/shu. html http://www. historyforkids. rg/learn/china/architecture/3kingdomsarchitecture. htm http://threekingdoms. com/ http://polaris. gseis. ucla. edu/yanglu/ECC_HISTORY_THREE%20KINGDOMS. htm http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/buddhistworld/china-txt. htm http://www. history-of-china. com/three-kingdoms/ http://www. chinaknowl edge. de/History/Division/jin-arts. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms http://polaris. gseis. ucla. edu/yanglu/ECC_HISTORY_THREE%20KINGDOMS. htm http://www. chinavoc. com/history/threeking. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy